Parent and Adolescent Reports of Helicopter Parenting: Discrepancies and Associations with Adolescent Depression and Anxiety
摘要
Research is replete with studies on Helicopter Parenting (HP), but most studies are cross-sectional and include college student samples. Studies with college students usually find that HP is associated with negative outcomes, but this might not be the case with high school students as high levels of parental involvement, advice, and monitoring is more normative and potentially adaptive given teens’ development stage. Thus, the current study adds to the literature by focusing on high school adolescents and by including both parents’ and adolescents’ perspectives on helicopter parenting, as well as reporter discrepancies, to predict adolescents’ depression and anxiety symptoms longitudinally. The sample was 235 adolescents (Mage = 15.12, SD = .48) and at least one parent recruited from the Appalachian region in the Southeastern US. Adolescents and parents reported on measures of HP, and adolescents reported on symptoms of depression and anxiety one year later. Analyses were regression models predicting Wave 2 adolescent depression and anxiety symptoms while covarying parent income, teen gender, and Wave 1 teen depression or anxiety symptoms. Contrary to hypotheses and most research with emerging adults, teen reports of paternal helicopter parenting predicted lower adolescents’ depressive symptoms one year later. Similarly, mother reports of HP were associated with lower teen anxiety symptoms longitudinally. However consistent with hypotheses, larger difference scores between father and teen reports of HP (fathers’ reports higher relative to teens’) predicted more teen depressive symptoms at Wave 2. Overall, the study emphasizes the need to understand both parent and child perspectives of parenting and the meaning of discrepant perspectives. Additionally, more research with high school teens is needed to better understand how adaptive or maladaptive HP may be at this age.