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<p>Recently, plasmonic photonic crystal fiber (PCF)-based refractive index sensors have drawn interest for their high sensitivity and capability to perform label-free, real-time detection. Therefore, this paper describes the design and functionality of a new D-shaped PCF biosensor combined with black phosphorus (BP)–gold and Ta<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub> layers for refractive index sensing and early detection of anemia. To achieve light confinement in PCF, this design includes two kinds of air holes: elliptical and circular. The proposed sensor is coated with a layer of gold and a Ta<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub> adhesion layer, which serves a dual purpose by enhancing the plasmonic response while simultaneously providing adhesion between the PCF and the gold coating. Additionally, 17 layers of BP—a growing 2D plasmonic material—are also layered on the gold + Ta<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub> layer to enhance sensitivity, which has a monolayer thickness of 0.53&#xa0;nm. The proposed sensor is used to detect a wide range of RI ranging from 1.31 to 1.38. After incorporating BP layers, the dynamic sensitivity of developed sensor enhanced from 5500 to 12,000&#xa0;nm/RIU. The BP-layered hybrid sensor achieved amplitude sensitivity of − 252.28&#xa0;RIU<sup>−1</sup>. The proposed structure is numerically analyzed with the finite element method (FEM) in COMSOL Multiphysics. Furthermore, the optimized structure achieved wavelength sensitivity of 5500&#xa0;nm/RIU at 140&#xa0;g/L for the gold-coated PCF sensor and 14,500&#xa0;nm/RIU at 140&#xa0;g/L for BP–gold-coated PCF sensor for anemia detection. Therefore, the suggested PCF-SPR biosensor based on black phosphorus could be useful for the early diagnosis of anemia.</p>

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Design and computational analysis of black phosphorus-based D-shaped PCF-SPR refractive index sensor

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月6日

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  • Nidhi Yadav,
  • Akash Khamaru,
  • Deepak Garg,
  • Ajeet Kumar

摘要

Recently, plasmonic photonic crystal fiber (PCF)-based refractive index sensors have drawn interest for their high sensitivity and capability to perform label-free, real-time detection. Therefore, this paper describes the design and functionality of a new D-shaped PCF biosensor combined with black phosphorus (BP)–gold and Ta2O5 layers for refractive index sensing and early detection of anemia. To achieve light confinement in PCF, this design includes two kinds of air holes: elliptical and circular. The proposed sensor is coated with a layer of gold and a Ta2O5 adhesion layer, which serves a dual purpose by enhancing the plasmonic response while simultaneously providing adhesion between the PCF and the gold coating. Additionally, 17 layers of BP—a growing 2D plasmonic material—are also layered on the gold + Ta2O5 layer to enhance sensitivity, which has a monolayer thickness of 0.53 nm. The proposed sensor is used to detect a wide range of RI ranging from 1.31 to 1.38. After incorporating BP layers, the dynamic sensitivity of developed sensor enhanced from 5500 to 12,000 nm/RIU. The BP-layered hybrid sensor achieved amplitude sensitivity of − 252.28 RIU−1. The proposed structure is numerically analyzed with the finite element method (FEM) in COMSOL Multiphysics. Furthermore, the optimized structure achieved wavelength sensitivity of 5500 nm/RIU at 140 g/L for the gold-coated PCF sensor and 14,500 nm/RIU at 140 g/L for BP–gold-coated PCF sensor for anemia detection. Therefore, the suggested PCF-SPR biosensor based on black phosphorus could be useful for the early diagnosis of anemia.