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<p>Macroalgal biomass has been recognized as a promising source of feed protein, yet its potential, particularly as a concentrated protein ingredient, remains underexplored. In this study, a protein concentrate was developed from the red seaweed <i>Gracilariopsis heteroclada</i> (GHPC), and its nutritional value and feed ingredient potential were evaluated as a replacement for soybean meal (SBM) in the diet of <i>Penaeus monodon</i> juveniles. A 60-day feeding trial using juvenile shrimp were conducted following a completely randomized design with five isonitrogenous and isolipidic diets that were formulated replacing 0, 12.5, 25, 50, and 75% of SBM protein with GHPC. Results indicate that the GHPC exhibited adequate nutrient composition and high protein quality, with protein content, apparent digestibility coefficient, and essential amino acid index of 34.83%, 91.84%, and 0.996, respectively. Growth performance evaluation revealed that replacement of SBM with GHPC up to 50% had no adverse effect on growth metrics, survival, or biochemical composition, including digestive enzyme activity and hepatopancreas histological morphology. Further, inclusion of GHPC at 75% resulted in reduced growth, impaired feed utilization, and histological alterations in the hepatopancreas. Overall, these results indicate that GHPC is a highly digestible, nutritionally balanced protein source that can replace up to 50% of SBM protein in <i>P. monodon</i> diets, offering a sustainable alternative for expanding shrimp aquaculture. While promising, further large-scale studies under field conditions, as well as economic evaluations comparing its cost-effectiveness with SBM, are warranted to confirm its practical applicability.</p>

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A sustainable dietary protein source, Gracilariopsis heteroclada protein concentrate, as a replacement for soybean meal in the diets of black tiger shrimp Penaeus monodon postlarvae

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月6日

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  • Carl John M. Saromines,
  • Rex Ferdinand M. Traifalgar,
  • Janice A. Ragaza,
  • Mary Jessa Bell B. Pagapulan,
  • Vyenge Erre D. Gayosa

摘要

Macroalgal biomass has been recognized as a promising source of feed protein, yet its potential, particularly as a concentrated protein ingredient, remains underexplored. In this study, a protein concentrate was developed from the red seaweed Gracilariopsis heteroclada (GHPC), and its nutritional value and feed ingredient potential were evaluated as a replacement for soybean meal (SBM) in the diet of Penaeus monodon juveniles. A 60-day feeding trial using juvenile shrimp were conducted following a completely randomized design with five isonitrogenous and isolipidic diets that were formulated replacing 0, 12.5, 25, 50, and 75% of SBM protein with GHPC. Results indicate that the GHPC exhibited adequate nutrient composition and high protein quality, with protein content, apparent digestibility coefficient, and essential amino acid index of 34.83%, 91.84%, and 0.996, respectively. Growth performance evaluation revealed that replacement of SBM with GHPC up to 50% had no adverse effect on growth metrics, survival, or biochemical composition, including digestive enzyme activity and hepatopancreas histological morphology. Further, inclusion of GHPC at 75% resulted in reduced growth, impaired feed utilization, and histological alterations in the hepatopancreas. Overall, these results indicate that GHPC is a highly digestible, nutritionally balanced protein source that can replace up to 50% of SBM protein in P. monodon diets, offering a sustainable alternative for expanding shrimp aquaculture. While promising, further large-scale studies under field conditions, as well as economic evaluations comparing its cost-effectiveness with SBM, are warranted to confirm its practical applicability.