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<p>Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) represents a global healthcare crisis that necessitates the development of sustainable therapeutic strategies. Phyconanotechnology has emerged as a promising field, utilizing algae as green biofactories for nanoparticles production. This systematic review evaluates peer-reviewed literature published between 2011 and 2025, sourced from Scopus, Web of Science, and PubMed. Following strict inclusion criteria and taxonomic validation via AlgaeBase, we analyzed over 100 algal species and their efficacy against more than 70 bacterial species. The results demonstrate that Chlorophyta, Rhodophyta, Phaeophyceae, and Cyanobacteriophyta can successfully synthesize predominantly spherical nanoparticles within the 10–100 nm size range. Quantitatively, silver nanoparticles dominate the literature, accounting for approximately 66% of reported cases, while alternative systems such as zinc oxide, iron oxide, and selenium remain underexplored. The analysis distinguishes between the reductive synthesis of metallic nanoparticles and the capping-mediated formation of metal oxides and non-metals. While these phycosynthesized nanoparticles exhibit potent broad-spectrum activity against multidrug-resistant pathogens, their clinical translation is hindered by methodological heterogeneity and a lack of standardized <i>in vivo</i> toxicological data. To advance this green technology, future research must prioritize standardized characterization protocols, chemical diversification beyond silver, and rigorous safety evaluations in clinical and agricultural models.</p>

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Phyconanotechnology for combating antimicrobial resistance: Algal-mediated green synthesis of antibacterial nanoparticles

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月18日

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  • Antonio Maldonado-Utrera

摘要

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) represents a global healthcare crisis that necessitates the development of sustainable therapeutic strategies. Phyconanotechnology has emerged as a promising field, utilizing algae as green biofactories for nanoparticles production. This systematic review evaluates peer-reviewed literature published between 2011 and 2025, sourced from Scopus, Web of Science, and PubMed. Following strict inclusion criteria and taxonomic validation via AlgaeBase, we analyzed over 100 algal species and their efficacy against more than 70 bacterial species. The results demonstrate that Chlorophyta, Rhodophyta, Phaeophyceae, and Cyanobacteriophyta can successfully synthesize predominantly spherical nanoparticles within the 10–100 nm size range. Quantitatively, silver nanoparticles dominate the literature, accounting for approximately 66% of reported cases, while alternative systems such as zinc oxide, iron oxide, and selenium remain underexplored. The analysis distinguishes between the reductive synthesis of metallic nanoparticles and the capping-mediated formation of metal oxides and non-metals. While these phycosynthesized nanoparticles exhibit potent broad-spectrum activity against multidrug-resistant pathogens, their clinical translation is hindered by methodological heterogeneity and a lack of standardized in vivo toxicological data. To advance this green technology, future research must prioritize standardized characterization protocols, chemical diversification beyond silver, and rigorous safety evaluations in clinical and agricultural models.