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<p><i>Ulva prolifera</i> polysaccharides (UPP) represent a promising macroalgal-derived immunostimulant for aquatic animals. This study provides the first comprehensive evaluation of dietary UPP supplementation in grouper and investigates its effects on growth, antioxidant capacity, immune response, blood lipid profile, and intestinal health of orange-spotted grouper (<i>Epinephelus coioides</i>). A basal diet (46.82% crude protein, 10.56% crude lipid) was supplemented with 0, 1, 2, 4, 8, and 16&#xa0;g&#xa0;kg<sup>−1</sup> UPP to formulate six diets (Control, UPP1, UPP2, UPP4, UPP8, UPP16). Juvenile <i>E. coioides</i> (36.56 ± 2.11&#xa0;g; 30 fish per 1000-L tank) were distributed in triplicate groups and fed twice daily for 72&#xa0;days. Growth performance, serum and tissue samples (stomach, gills, intestine) were analyzed. UPP supplementation significantly promoted growth in juveniles, with the UPP2 group showing the highest weight gain, feed efficiency, and digestive enzyme activities. Antioxidant capacity was also improved in UPP2, indicated by significantly elevated serum superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione levels, along with reduced intestinal malondialdehyde. Immunity was enhanced in the UPP4 group, with significantly increased serum complement 3, immunoglobulin M, and albumin, as well as higher intestinal lysozyme levels. UPP4 also significantly reduced serum triacylglycerol and increased serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Additionally, dietary UPP improved intestinal morphological structure, optimized microbiota composition (increased Firmicutes and Bacteroidota, decreased Proteobacteria), and modulated immune and metabolic pathways. These results demonstrated an integrated growth–immunity–microbiome regulatory effect. Overall, dietary UPP improved the growth and physiological health of juvenile <i>E. coioides</i>, with an optimal dose of 2–4&#xa0;g&#xa0;kg<sup>−1</sup>, supporting UPP as a functional macroalgal ingredient for aquafeeds.</p>

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Dietary polysaccharides from Ulva prolifera enhance growth, antioxidant capacity, immune response, and intestinal health in orange-spotted grouper (Epinephelus coioides)

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月16日

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  • Minhui Yu,
  • Yulei Kou,
  • Tian Xu,
  • Honglin Li,
  • Ao Jian,
  • Xinyue Yang,
  • Yuhe Shen,
  • Zheng Zheng,
  • Chunxiang Ai

摘要

Ulva prolifera polysaccharides (UPP) represent a promising macroalgal-derived immunostimulant for aquatic animals. This study provides the first comprehensive evaluation of dietary UPP supplementation in grouper and investigates its effects on growth, antioxidant capacity, immune response, blood lipid profile, and intestinal health of orange-spotted grouper (Epinephelus coioides). A basal diet (46.82% crude protein, 10.56% crude lipid) was supplemented with 0, 1, 2, 4, 8, and 16 g kg−1 UPP to formulate six diets (Control, UPP1, UPP2, UPP4, UPP8, UPP16). Juvenile E. coioides (36.56 ± 2.11 g; 30 fish per 1000-L tank) were distributed in triplicate groups and fed twice daily for 72 days. Growth performance, serum and tissue samples (stomach, gills, intestine) were analyzed. UPP supplementation significantly promoted growth in juveniles, with the UPP2 group showing the highest weight gain, feed efficiency, and digestive enzyme activities. Antioxidant capacity was also improved in UPP2, indicated by significantly elevated serum superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione levels, along with reduced intestinal malondialdehyde. Immunity was enhanced in the UPP4 group, with significantly increased serum complement 3, immunoglobulin M, and albumin, as well as higher intestinal lysozyme levels. UPP4 also significantly reduced serum triacylglycerol and increased serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Additionally, dietary UPP improved intestinal morphological structure, optimized microbiota composition (increased Firmicutes and Bacteroidota, decreased Proteobacteria), and modulated immune and metabolic pathways. These results demonstrated an integrated growth–immunity–microbiome regulatory effect. Overall, dietary UPP improved the growth and physiological health of juvenile E. coioides, with an optimal dose of 2–4 g kg−1, supporting UPP as a functional macroalgal ingredient for aquafeeds.