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<p>Physiological responses of lettuce and arugula to irrigation with water contaminated with cylindrospermopsin (CYN) (3, 5, or 10 μg L<sup>-1</sup>) were investigated, focusing on key parameters including transpiration rate, net photosynthetic rate, internal CO<sub>2</sub> concentration, stomatal conductance, H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> formation, total protein levels, and enzyme activity (CAT, POD, SOD, and GST). CYN treatments had distinct effects on the internal CO<sub>2</sub> concentrations, transpiration, stomatal conductance, and photosynthesis of both plants. While lettuce showed a stimulating response, arugula exhibited more variable effects, influenced by the treatment phase (exposure or detox) and CYN concentration. Lettuce showed recovery in protein levels and lower H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> buildup than arugula, which experienced continued protein decline and higher oxidative stress. CYN treatment increased antioxidant enzyme activity (POD and SOD) in both species during exposure, but their activities decreased in the detox phase, indicating a possible recovery response. Although GST activity in arugula showed an increasing trend during detoxification (15-20%), the differences were not statistically significant, indicating the need for further investigation. In lettuce, GST activity remained unchanged. Lettuce irrigated with CYN at 3, 5, and 10 µg L⁻<sup>1</sup> showed a dose-dependent increase in net photosynthetic rate (A), with enhancements of 30%, 42%, and 55%, respectively. Antioxidant enzyme activities (CAT, POD, and SOD) also increased by 20–50% across these concentrations. In contrast, transpiration, stomatal conductance , and internal CO₂ concentration remained statistically unaltered (<i>p</i> &gt; 0.05). Arugula, however, exhibited elevated oxidative stress markers (e.g., H₂O₂ increased by 25-40% at 5-10 µg L⁻<sup>1</sup>), along with reduced total protein content (15–30%) and impaired gas exchange (e.g., 20% lower stomatal conductance at 10 µg L⁻<sup>1</sup>). The findings of this study provide valuable insights into how these species respond differently to exposure to CYN-contaminated water irrigation and support the potential use of these parameters as indicators of cyanotoxin stress in vegetables.</p>

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Impact of cylindrospermopsin-contaminated irrigation water on gas exchange and antioxidative mechanisms in lettuce and arugula

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年9月18日

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  • Micheline Kézia Cordeiro-Araújo,
  • Mathias Ahii Chia,
  • Adriana Sturion Lorenzi,
  • Regina Anya Otogo,
  • Suleiman Dauda,
  • Maria Onma Onaji,
  • Maria do Carmo Bittencourt-Oliveira

摘要

Physiological responses of lettuce and arugula to irrigation with water contaminated with cylindrospermopsin (CYN) (3, 5, or 10 μg L-1) were investigated, focusing on key parameters including transpiration rate, net photosynthetic rate, internal CO2 concentration, stomatal conductance, H2O2 formation, total protein levels, and enzyme activity (CAT, POD, SOD, and GST). CYN treatments had distinct effects on the internal CO2 concentrations, transpiration, stomatal conductance, and photosynthesis of both plants. While lettuce showed a stimulating response, arugula exhibited more variable effects, influenced by the treatment phase (exposure or detox) and CYN concentration. Lettuce showed recovery in protein levels and lower H2O2 buildup than arugula, which experienced continued protein decline and higher oxidative stress. CYN treatment increased antioxidant enzyme activity (POD and SOD) in both species during exposure, but their activities decreased in the detox phase, indicating a possible recovery response. Although GST activity in arugula showed an increasing trend during detoxification (15-20%), the differences were not statistically significant, indicating the need for further investigation. In lettuce, GST activity remained unchanged. Lettuce irrigated with CYN at 3, 5, and 10 µg L⁻1 showed a dose-dependent increase in net photosynthetic rate (A), with enhancements of 30%, 42%, and 55%, respectively. Antioxidant enzyme activities (CAT, POD, and SOD) also increased by 20–50% across these concentrations. In contrast, transpiration, stomatal conductance , and internal CO₂ concentration remained statistically unaltered (p > 0.05). Arugula, however, exhibited elevated oxidative stress markers (e.g., H₂O₂ increased by 25-40% at 5-10 µg L⁻1), along with reduced total protein content (15–30%) and impaired gas exchange (e.g., 20% lower stomatal conductance at 10 µg L⁻1). The findings of this study provide valuable insights into how these species respond differently to exposure to CYN-contaminated water irrigation and support the potential use of these parameters as indicators of cyanotoxin stress in vegetables.