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<p>Phlorotannins (PTs), a group of polyphenolic secondary metabolites derived from brown algae, have significant therapeutic potential due to their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, and antimicrobial activities. Recent advances in green extraction techniques such as microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) and ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) have improved PT yield and sustainability. However, structural complexity, low bioavailability, and scalability remain significant challenges for their clinical application. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of modern PT extraction methodologies, structural characterization (e.g., HPLC–MS/MS), and biomedical applications, including their function in modulating oxidative stress, inflammation, and cancer pathways. Critical gaps including the necessity for standard protocols, stability enhancement, and bioavailability are also discussed. By addressing these challenges will facilitate the integration of PTs into scalable, sustainable therapeutics and functional components in nutraceutical, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical industries.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Enhancing biomedical applications of phlorotannins through advanced extraction, characterization, and formulation strategies

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年9月17日

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  • Manoj Kumar Karuppan Perumal,
  • Remya Rajan Renuka,
  • Suresh Kumar Subbiah

摘要

Phlorotannins (PTs), a group of polyphenolic secondary metabolites derived from brown algae, have significant therapeutic potential due to their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, and antimicrobial activities. Recent advances in green extraction techniques such as microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) and ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) have improved PT yield and sustainability. However, structural complexity, low bioavailability, and scalability remain significant challenges for their clinical application. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of modern PT extraction methodologies, structural characterization (e.g., HPLC–MS/MS), and biomedical applications, including their function in modulating oxidative stress, inflammation, and cancer pathways. Critical gaps including the necessity for standard protocols, stability enhancement, and bioavailability are also discussed. By addressing these challenges will facilitate the integration of PTs into scalable, sustainable therapeutics and functional components in nutraceutical, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical industries.

Graphical Abstract