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<p>The high water content of microalgae is a bottleneck during the drying process and needs to be tailored to fit for downstream processing. Investigating the impacts of different drying techniques on the physicochemical and bioactive properties of <i>Chlorella sorokiniana</i> is crucial, especially when intended for commercial application. In this study, the influence of different drying methods including sun drying (SD), oven drying at three temperatures (OD; at 50, 60, 70℃), freeze-drying (FD), and spray drying at three temperatures (SP; at 180, 200, 220℃) were compared. Dried <i>C. sorokiniana</i> were then tested in terms of processing yield and pigment content (chlorophyll <i>a</i>, <i>b</i>, total chlorophyll, phaeophytin <i>a</i>, and β-carotene). Separately, dried <i>C. sorokiniana</i> underwent enzyme hydrolysis with protease from <i>Bacillus lichenoformis</i> and the hydrolysates were analyzed for total soluble protein, glucose, and phenolic contents, including in vitro DPPH, ABTS, and DPP-IV inhibitory activities. Results demonstrated that while sun drying obtained a superior processing yield (26.95%), a trade-off of low chemical and in vitro bioactive properties was observed. In contrast, spray dried <i>C. sorokiniana</i> (SP180, SP200, and SP220), despite having low processing yields (9.00–10.20%), exhibited significantly high chlorophyll <i>a</i> (5.03–8.12&#xa0;µg&#xa0;mL<sup>−1</sup>) and β-carotene (1.47–2.66&#xa0;µg&#xa0;mL<sup>−1</sup>) contents, as well as significantly high soluble protein (2.37–3.55&#xa0;mg&#xa0;mL<sup>−1</sup>), glucose (0.73–1.10&#xa0;mg&#xa0;mL<sup>−1</sup>), and phenolic (21.73–57.82&#xa0;µg&#xa0;g<sup>−1</sup>) contents. Furthermore, all samples achieved similar DPP-IV inhibition activities across different drying methods tested, but significantly high DPPH (76.17–81.18%) and ABTS (83.51–93.27%) inhibitory activities can be obtained by spray drying at 220℃ (SP220) (81.18%, 93.27%) (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.05). Our findings, thus, revealed the advantages of spray drying (at 180–220℃) on the pigment quality, chemical properties, and in vitro antioxidative properties of <i>C. sorokiniana</i>.</p>

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Impacts of drying methods on the physico-chemical and antioxidant properties of Chlorella sorokiniana

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年7月24日

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  • Hanniel Frenz Degala,
  • Aysn Jan Nique,
  • Jade Pahila,
  • Victor Marco Emmanuel Ferriols,
  • Leonilo Endoma Jr.

摘要

The high water content of microalgae is a bottleneck during the drying process and needs to be tailored to fit for downstream processing. Investigating the impacts of different drying techniques on the physicochemical and bioactive properties of Chlorella sorokiniana is crucial, especially when intended for commercial application. In this study, the influence of different drying methods including sun drying (SD), oven drying at three temperatures (OD; at 50, 60, 70℃), freeze-drying (FD), and spray drying at three temperatures (SP; at 180, 200, 220℃) were compared. Dried C. sorokiniana were then tested in terms of processing yield and pigment content (chlorophyll a, b, total chlorophyll, phaeophytin a, and β-carotene). Separately, dried C. sorokiniana underwent enzyme hydrolysis with protease from Bacillus lichenoformis and the hydrolysates were analyzed for total soluble protein, glucose, and phenolic contents, including in vitro DPPH, ABTS, and DPP-IV inhibitory activities. Results demonstrated that while sun drying obtained a superior processing yield (26.95%), a trade-off of low chemical and in vitro bioactive properties was observed. In contrast, spray dried C. sorokiniana (SP180, SP200, and SP220), despite having low processing yields (9.00–10.20%), exhibited significantly high chlorophyll a (5.03–8.12 µg mL−1) and β-carotene (1.47–2.66 µg mL−1) contents, as well as significantly high soluble protein (2.37–3.55 mg mL−1), glucose (0.73–1.10 mg mL−1), and phenolic (21.73–57.82 µg g−1) contents. Furthermore, all samples achieved similar DPP-IV inhibition activities across different drying methods tested, but significantly high DPPH (76.17–81.18%) and ABTS (83.51–93.27%) inhibitory activities can be obtained by spray drying at 220℃ (SP220) (81.18%, 93.27%) (p < 0.05). Our findings, thus, revealed the advantages of spray drying (at 180–220℃) on the pigment quality, chemical properties, and in vitro antioxidative properties of C. sorokiniana.