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<p>Zooplankton, particularly microalgae-fed species, are optimal candidates for aquaculture nutrition and bioencapsulation vectors. The green microalga <i>Haematococcus pluvialis</i> is distinguished by its high astaxanthin content in the cyst phase, while the water flea <i>Daphnia magna</i> is rich in proteins, fatty acids, chitin, and chitosan—biomolecules with antioxidant and immunostimulatory properties. This study evaluated the dietary supplementation of <i>Penaeus vannamei</i> post-larvae with <i>H. pluvialis</i> bioencapsulated in <i>D. magna</i> (DHP), comparing it to a commercial supplement (CS) and a control diet (C). Water quality, growth performance, histology, nutritional composition, hematology, and key bioactive compounds (total carotenoids, astaxanthin, chitin, and chitosan) were assessed. Water quality remained stable across treatments. Growth performance and protein content were higher in DHP and CS groups. The DHP diet enhanced the shrimp's immune response, evidenced by the highest total hemocyte count (THC). Additionally, DHP yielded greater chitin, total carotenoids, and astaxanthin concentrations. Histological analyses revealed increased B-cell numbers in the hepatopancreas of shrimp from DHP and CS treatments. Thus, <i>H. pluvialis</i> bioencapsulated in <i>D. magna</i> supports growth comparable to a commercial supplement while enhancing immune markers and bioactive compound levels. These findings highlight its potential as an alternative protein source for sustainable shrimp nutrition. Future research that analyses the impact of different feed supplements on shrimp gut microbiota, their application under different environmental conditions, enzyme activity and gene expression involved in protein and lipid digestion, including additional immunological parameters, as well as a cost–benefit analysis of the feed supplements, would provide a more comprehensive understanding of the effects and practical feasibility of <i>H. pluvialis</i> bioencapsulated by water fleas to <i>D. magna</i> meal production and their role as shrimp feed supplement.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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The use of Haematococcus pluvialis bioencapsulated by the water flea Daphnia magna increases growth performance, nutritional content, and immunological response of Pacific white shrimp Penaeus vannamei during the nursery phase

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年4月23日

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  • Clarissa Vilela Figueiredo da Silva Campos,
  • Géssica Cavalcanti Pereira Mota,
  • Priscilla Celes Maciel de Lima,
  • Jessika Lima de Abreu,
  • Suzianny Maria Bezerra Cabral da Silva,
  • Carlos Yure B. Oliveira,
  • Barbara de Cassia Soares Brandão,
  • Danielli Matias de Macêdo Dantas,
  • Thales Passos de Andrade,
  • Alfredo Olivera Gálvez

摘要

Zooplankton, particularly microalgae-fed species, are optimal candidates for aquaculture nutrition and bioencapsulation vectors. The green microalga Haematococcus pluvialis is distinguished by its high astaxanthin content in the cyst phase, while the water flea Daphnia magna is rich in proteins, fatty acids, chitin, and chitosan—biomolecules with antioxidant and immunostimulatory properties. This study evaluated the dietary supplementation of Penaeus vannamei post-larvae with H. pluvialis bioencapsulated in D. magna (DHP), comparing it to a commercial supplement (CS) and a control diet (C). Water quality, growth performance, histology, nutritional composition, hematology, and key bioactive compounds (total carotenoids, astaxanthin, chitin, and chitosan) were assessed. Water quality remained stable across treatments. Growth performance and protein content were higher in DHP and CS groups. The DHP diet enhanced the shrimp's immune response, evidenced by the highest total hemocyte count (THC). Additionally, DHP yielded greater chitin, total carotenoids, and astaxanthin concentrations. Histological analyses revealed increased B-cell numbers in the hepatopancreas of shrimp from DHP and CS treatments. Thus, H. pluvialis bioencapsulated in D. magna supports growth comparable to a commercial supplement while enhancing immune markers and bioactive compound levels. These findings highlight its potential as an alternative protein source for sustainable shrimp nutrition. Future research that analyses the impact of different feed supplements on shrimp gut microbiota, their application under different environmental conditions, enzyme activity and gene expression involved in protein and lipid digestion, including additional immunological parameters, as well as a cost–benefit analysis of the feed supplements, would provide a more comprehensive understanding of the effects and practical feasibility of H. pluvialis bioencapsulated by water fleas to D. magna meal production and their role as shrimp feed supplement.

Graphical Abstract