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Purpose <p>Sensory dysfunction is highly prevalent in individuals with ASD. Olfactory abnormalities in ASD remain under-explored. The present study aimed to examine olfactory identification, memory and metacognition in children with ASD.</p> Methods <p>Fifty children with ASD (aged 7–10 years) and fifty age- and sex-matched controls were enrolled. Olfactory identification ability was assessed with the Universal Sniff (U-Sniff) test, and olfactory memory ability with a modified U-Sniff test. Olfactory metacognition was assessed using the Children’s Personal Significance of Olfaction (ChiPSO), the Body Odor Sniffing Questionnaire (BOSQ) and the Chemosensory Pleasure Scale for Children (CPS-C).</p> Results <p>Results revealed that participants with ASD exhibited atypical olfactory identification, memory and metacognition abilities compared to typically developing controls. Additionally, both olfactory identification and metacognition were significantly associated with social deficits (evaluated by the Social Responsiveness Scale-2 and the Autism Spectrum Quotient-Children’s version) in the ASD group.</p> Conclusions <p>These findings highlight the importance of studying olfactory dysfunction as a key sensory aspect in ASD, providing insights into the link between olfactory processing impairments and social deficits in the disorder.</p>

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Atypical Olfactory Identification, Memory and Metacognition in Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月10日

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  • Anning Zhang,
  • Fei Peng,
  • Wei Lai,
  • Chen Qu,
  • Laiquan Zou

摘要

Purpose

Sensory dysfunction is highly prevalent in individuals with ASD. Olfactory abnormalities in ASD remain under-explored. The present study aimed to examine olfactory identification, memory and metacognition in children with ASD.

Methods

Fifty children with ASD (aged 7–10 years) and fifty age- and sex-matched controls were enrolled. Olfactory identification ability was assessed with the Universal Sniff (U-Sniff) test, and olfactory memory ability with a modified U-Sniff test. Olfactory metacognition was assessed using the Children’s Personal Significance of Olfaction (ChiPSO), the Body Odor Sniffing Questionnaire (BOSQ) and the Chemosensory Pleasure Scale for Children (CPS-C).

Results

Results revealed that participants with ASD exhibited atypical olfactory identification, memory and metacognition abilities compared to typically developing controls. Additionally, both olfactory identification and metacognition were significantly associated with social deficits (evaluated by the Social Responsiveness Scale-2 and the Autism Spectrum Quotient-Children’s version) in the ASD group.

Conclusions

These findings highlight the importance of studying olfactory dysfunction as a key sensory aspect in ASD, providing insights into the link between olfactory processing impairments and social deficits in the disorder.