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Purpose <p>Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) have considerable overlap in clinical presentation, supporting the need for a framework of symptom domains which crosses traditional diagnostic boundaries. We aimed to identify latent groups based on similarities in factor scores across ASD and ADHD neurodevelopmental domains and to compare these groups on adaptive functioning and neuroimaging measures.</p> Methods <p>Participants included children and youth with a clinical diagnosis of ASD (<i>n</i> = 727) or ADHD (<i>n</i> = 770). Parents completed measures of autism and ADHD symptoms. We identified latent profiles of four symptom factors (inattention, hyperactivity/impulsivity, social communication, and restricted, repetitive behaviours and interests). The profiles were then compared on adaptive functioning and global structural and functional neuroimaging measures.</p> Results <p>A four-profile model was the best fitting model. All four profiles had varying levels of co-occurring ASD and ADHD symptoms, regardless of whether the class consisted of predominately ASD or ADHD participants. There was no profile with all ASD or ADHD participants. Adaptive Behavior Assessment System scores were significantly different among latent profiles after adjusting for age, sex and diagnosis (Χ<sup>2</sup>(3) = 360.747, <i>p</i> &lt; 0.001). Total subcortical volume was significantly different among latent profiles after adjusting for age, sex, and brain volume (Χ<sup>2</sup>(4) = 10.868, <i>p</i> = 0.028).</p> Conclusions <p>We identified four latent profiles with varying levels of co-occurring ASD and ADHD symptoms, spanning diagnostic labels, and between-profile variation on adaptive functioning and subcortical volume. These results provide support for phenotypic overlap between ASD and ADHD and reinforce the need to focus on dimensionality in ASD and ADHD.</p>

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Identifying Neurodevelopmental Domain Subgroups in Autism and ADHD

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月7日

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  • Aneta D. Krakowski,
  • Katherine Tombeau Cost,
  • Marlee Vandewouw,
  • Peter Szatmari,
  • Evdokia Anagnostou,
  • Jennifer Crosbie,
  • Russell Schachar,
  • Eric Duku,
  • Stelios Georgiades,
  • Muhammad Ayub,
  • Elizabeth Kelley,
  • Rob Nicolson,
  • Eleanor Pullenayegum,
  • Carolina Barnett-Tapia

摘要

Purpose

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) have considerable overlap in clinical presentation, supporting the need for a framework of symptom domains which crosses traditional diagnostic boundaries. We aimed to identify latent groups based on similarities in factor scores across ASD and ADHD neurodevelopmental domains and to compare these groups on adaptive functioning and neuroimaging measures.

Methods

Participants included children and youth with a clinical diagnosis of ASD (n = 727) or ADHD (n = 770). Parents completed measures of autism and ADHD symptoms. We identified latent profiles of four symptom factors (inattention, hyperactivity/impulsivity, social communication, and restricted, repetitive behaviours and interests). The profiles were then compared on adaptive functioning and global structural and functional neuroimaging measures.

Results

A four-profile model was the best fitting model. All four profiles had varying levels of co-occurring ASD and ADHD symptoms, regardless of whether the class consisted of predominately ASD or ADHD participants. There was no profile with all ASD or ADHD participants. Adaptive Behavior Assessment System scores were significantly different among latent profiles after adjusting for age, sex and diagnosis (Χ2(3) = 360.747, p < 0.001). Total subcortical volume was significantly different among latent profiles after adjusting for age, sex, and brain volume (Χ2(4) = 10.868, p = 0.028).

Conclusions

We identified four latent profiles with varying levels of co-occurring ASD and ADHD symptoms, spanning diagnostic labels, and between-profile variation on adaptive functioning and subcortical volume. These results provide support for phenotypic overlap between ASD and ADHD and reinforce the need to focus on dimensionality in ASD and ADHD.