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Objective <p>To examine the characteristics of gaze behavior, particularly gaze-stimulus synchrony, and their association with developmental levels in young children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD).</p> Methods <p>Eye-tracking data were obtained from 52 children with ASD, 58 with global developmental delay (GDD), and 55 typically developing (TD) children, aged 18 to 48&#xa0;months, while they viewed a video of a girl rhythmically clapping and moving to a song. Area of interest (AOI) analysis was performed to assess visual fixation patterns throughout the task, and recurrence quantification analysis (RQA) was used to evaluate gaze-stimulus synchrony. Correlation analyses were further conducted to examine the associations between AOI, RQA measures and developmental levels.</p> Results <p>Children with ASD demonstrated significantly reduced visual fixation on the whole face and mouth-and-nose AOIs compared to TD children. RQA revealed that the ASD group exhibited significantly lower <InlineEquation ID="IEq1"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\({L}_{Max}\)</EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, indicating less sustained gaze-stimulus synchrony. Both RQA and AOI measures were significantly associated with developmental level in the ASD group.</p> Conclusion <p>The findings highlight reduced visual engagement and gaze-stimulus synchrony in young children with ASD compared to their TD peers, and indicate that gaze-based metrics may serve as potential objective markers of developmental functioning. The results underscore the utility of diverse analytic approaches, such as RQA, in uncovering temporal characteristics of gaze behavior. Future research should include nonsocial stimuli to determine whether reduced gaze-stimulus synchrony reflects domain-general atypicalities in visual processing.</p>

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Reduced Gaze-Stimulus Synchrony to a Rhythmic Children’s Song in Young Children With Autism: A Recurrence Quantification Analysis Approach

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年1月17日

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  • Zhong Zhao,
  • Zeqin Zheng,
  • Chengquan Lin,
  • Xiaobin Zhang,
  • Xinyao Hu,
  • Xin Zhang,
  • Qiongling Peng,
  • Xingda Qu

摘要

Objective

To examine the characteristics of gaze behavior, particularly gaze-stimulus synchrony, and their association with developmental levels in young children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD).

Methods

Eye-tracking data were obtained from 52 children with ASD, 58 with global developmental delay (GDD), and 55 typically developing (TD) children, aged 18 to 48 months, while they viewed a video of a girl rhythmically clapping and moving to a song. Area of interest (AOI) analysis was performed to assess visual fixation patterns throughout the task, and recurrence quantification analysis (RQA) was used to evaluate gaze-stimulus synchrony. Correlation analyses were further conducted to examine the associations between AOI, RQA measures and developmental levels.

Results

Children with ASD demonstrated significantly reduced visual fixation on the whole face and mouth-and-nose AOIs compared to TD children. RQA revealed that the ASD group exhibited significantly lower \({L}_{Max}\) , indicating less sustained gaze-stimulus synchrony. Both RQA and AOI measures were significantly associated with developmental level in the ASD group.

Conclusion

The findings highlight reduced visual engagement and gaze-stimulus synchrony in young children with ASD compared to their TD peers, and indicate that gaze-based metrics may serve as potential objective markers of developmental functioning. The results underscore the utility of diverse analytic approaches, such as RQA, in uncovering temporal characteristics of gaze behavior. Future research should include nonsocial stimuli to determine whether reduced gaze-stimulus synchrony reflects domain-general atypicalities in visual processing.