Gut and Metabolic Biomarkers in Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Systematic Review of Body Fluid Signatures for Early Detection
摘要
The purpose of this study is to identify objective, biological markers —biomarkers— that can signal ASD risk earlier and more reliably.
MethodsA structured literature search was carried out between 2010 and 2025 in PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Google Scholar, and Science Direct.
ResultsTwenty (20) empirical studies were identified, meeting inclusion criteria, encompassing microbial taxa, short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), fungal species, urinary metabolites, amino acids, and oxidative stress markers.
ConclusionsThis review underscores the promise of non-genetic biomarkers in advancing early, objective, and biologically grounded ASD diagnosis, while emphasizing the need for large-scale, longitudinal studies to validate findings and translate them into clinical practice.