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<p>Hard carbon has been regarded as a promising anode material for sodium-ion batteries owing to its abundant resources and low cost. Nevertheless, direct high-temperature carbonization tends to cause excessive graphitization, resulting in the shrinkage of interlayer spacing and a reduction in sodium-storage sites, which severely limits the electrochemical performance. Herein, a synergistic approach integrating pre-oxidation with subsequent carbonization was adopted to fabricate pitch-derived hard carbon anodes. The incorporation of oxygen-containing functional groups during pre-oxidation was found to trigger cross-linking among aromatic lamellae, thereby inhibiting the melting behavior and suppressing the ordered graphitization rearrangement upon high-temperature carbonization. Compared with direct carbonization, the interlayer spacing of the material was expanded from 0.34&#xa0;to 0.36&#xa0;nm, and the initial Coulombic efficiency reached 64.9%, which was approximately 20% higher. These findings revealed that the expanded interlayer spacing facilitates the intercalation of sodium ions between carbon layers, and the increased interlayer spacing induced by pre-oxidation contributed to capacity enhancement. This work demonstrated an effective transformation from ordered graphitization to an amorphous disordered microstructure, providing a new approach for the preparation of low-cost, high-performance anode materials for sodium-ion batteries.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Pre-oxidation regulated pitch-derived hard carbon for sodium storage

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月26日

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  • Jing Zhang,
  • Haiqiang Bai,
  • Qingwen Ye,
  • Jingwen Huang,
  • Ling Kang,
  • Lei Ai,
  • Rui Ding,
  • Xiaohua Wang,
  • Yunhua Xu

摘要

Hard carbon has been regarded as a promising anode material for sodium-ion batteries owing to its abundant resources and low cost. Nevertheless, direct high-temperature carbonization tends to cause excessive graphitization, resulting in the shrinkage of interlayer spacing and a reduction in sodium-storage sites, which severely limits the electrochemical performance. Herein, a synergistic approach integrating pre-oxidation with subsequent carbonization was adopted to fabricate pitch-derived hard carbon anodes. The incorporation of oxygen-containing functional groups during pre-oxidation was found to trigger cross-linking among aromatic lamellae, thereby inhibiting the melting behavior and suppressing the ordered graphitization rearrangement upon high-temperature carbonization. Compared with direct carbonization, the interlayer spacing of the material was expanded from 0.34 to 0.36 nm, and the initial Coulombic efficiency reached 64.9%, which was approximately 20% higher. These findings revealed that the expanded interlayer spacing facilitates the intercalation of sodium ions between carbon layers, and the increased interlayer spacing induced by pre-oxidation contributed to capacity enhancement. This work demonstrated an effective transformation from ordered graphitization to an amorphous disordered microstructure, providing a new approach for the preparation of low-cost, high-performance anode materials for sodium-ion batteries.

Graphical Abstract