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<p>This work investigates the degradation of commercial glyphosate through dephosphorylation of the phosphonic group and C–P bond cleavage, using an electrooxidation approach with continuous HClO generation in a pre-pilot flow reactor equipped with a dimensionally stable anode based on RuO<sub>2</sub>/TiO<sub>2</sub> formulation and a stainless-steel cathode. To enhance the C–P bond cleavage, the effects of current density, electrolysis time, and initial chloride concentration were evaluated in relation to TP evolution. The effects of total ammonia nitrogen (TAN) and total organic carbon (TOC) removal were also analyzed in relation to C–P bond cleavage. Experimental results demonstrated complete glyphosate degradation via C–P bond rupture within 60&#xa0;min, at an influent flow rate of 2&#xa0;L min<sup>−1</sup> and a current density of 30&#xa0;mA cm<sup>−2</sup>. Infrared spectroscopy provided clear evidence that the glyphosate molecule underwent extensive degradation due to the oxidative action of HClO. Moreover, the simultaneous generation of ammonium (NH<sub>4</sub>⁺) and phosphoric acid (H<sub>3</sub>PO<sub>4</sub>) during glyphosate degradation in this electrooxidation system highlights its potential as a process strategy, since it transforms a harmful herbicide classified by the IARC as Group 2&#xa0;A (possibly carcinogenic to humans) into valuable compounds widely employed in fertilizer production. A CFD model of the flow reactor was additionally developed to provide deeper insight into the dephosphorylation process and the associated transport phenomena during the electrochemical treatment.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Experimental and CFD simulation of glyphosate dephosphorylation by active chlorine electrosynthesis in a flow reactor

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月15日

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  • A. Daniel Villalobos-Lara,
  • Fernando F. Rivera-Iturbe,
  • Zeferino Gamiño-Arroyo,
  • Tania Ruiz-Vera,
  • Linda V. Gonzáles-Gutiérrez,
  • Nancy V. Álvarez-Rodriguez,
  • Miguel Sandoval-López,
  • Isaac Falcón-Ruiz

摘要

This work investigates the degradation of commercial glyphosate through dephosphorylation of the phosphonic group and C–P bond cleavage, using an electrooxidation approach with continuous HClO generation in a pre-pilot flow reactor equipped with a dimensionally stable anode based on RuO2/TiO2 formulation and a stainless-steel cathode. To enhance the C–P bond cleavage, the effects of current density, electrolysis time, and initial chloride concentration were evaluated in relation to TP evolution. The effects of total ammonia nitrogen (TAN) and total organic carbon (TOC) removal were also analyzed in relation to C–P bond cleavage. Experimental results demonstrated complete glyphosate degradation via C–P bond rupture within 60 min, at an influent flow rate of 2 L min−1 and a current density of 30 mA cm−2. Infrared spectroscopy provided clear evidence that the glyphosate molecule underwent extensive degradation due to the oxidative action of HClO. Moreover, the simultaneous generation of ammonium (NH4⁺) and phosphoric acid (H3PO4) during glyphosate degradation in this electrooxidation system highlights its potential as a process strategy, since it transforms a harmful herbicide classified by the IARC as Group 2 A (possibly carcinogenic to humans) into valuable compounds widely employed in fertilizer production. A CFD model of the flow reactor was additionally developed to provide deeper insight into the dephosphorylation process and the associated transport phenomena during the electrochemical treatment.

Graphical Abstract