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<p>Hole transport material (HTM) free monolithic perovskite solar cells incorporating carbon back electrodes of different thicknesses were fabricated to clarify how electrode layering influences device efficiency and stability. Carbon electrodes composed of 1, 2, and 3 printed layers were evaluated. XRD measurements confirmed the formation of phase-pure crystalline MAPbI<sub>3</sub>, while SEM–EDX analysis revealed homogeneous elemental distribution throughout the active layer. Among the studied devices, the single-layer carbon electrode exhibited the most reliable performance, delivering short-circuit currents (I<sub>sc</sub>) between 5.8 and 7.7&#xa0;mA, an open-circuit voltage (V<sub>oc</sub>) close to 870 mV, and power conversion efficiencies (PCE) ranging from 7.1 to 10.2%. This configuration preserved more than 75% of its initial efficiency after 960&#xa0;h of storage under ambient conditions. Devices with thicker carbon electrodes showed comparatively higher initial efficiencies and wider current density variations; however, they experienced pronounced voltage instability and faster performance decay during aging. Impedance spectroscopy indicated that increased carbon thickness led to higher interfacial resistance and reduced charge extraction efficiency, accelerating recombination losses. These findings demonstrate that excessive carbon thickness undermines long-term stability despite initial efficiency gains, highlighting electrode thickness optimization as a key factor for durable and cost-effective HTM-free Perovskite solar cells.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Optimizing carbon layer thickness for enhanced performance and durability in MAPbI3 perovskite solar cells

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月8日

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  • Mujeeb Ur Rahman,
  • Muhammad Usman,
  • Irshad Ali,
  • Shanza Rehan,
  • Shazma Ali

摘要

Hole transport material (HTM) free monolithic perovskite solar cells incorporating carbon back electrodes of different thicknesses were fabricated to clarify how electrode layering influences device efficiency and stability. Carbon electrodes composed of 1, 2, and 3 printed layers were evaluated. XRD measurements confirmed the formation of phase-pure crystalline MAPbI3, while SEM–EDX analysis revealed homogeneous elemental distribution throughout the active layer. Among the studied devices, the single-layer carbon electrode exhibited the most reliable performance, delivering short-circuit currents (Isc) between 5.8 and 7.7 mA, an open-circuit voltage (Voc) close to 870 mV, and power conversion efficiencies (PCE) ranging from 7.1 to 10.2%. This configuration preserved more than 75% of its initial efficiency after 960 h of storage under ambient conditions. Devices with thicker carbon electrodes showed comparatively higher initial efficiencies and wider current density variations; however, they experienced pronounced voltage instability and faster performance decay during aging. Impedance spectroscopy indicated that increased carbon thickness led to higher interfacial resistance and reduced charge extraction efficiency, accelerating recombination losses. These findings demonstrate that excessive carbon thickness undermines long-term stability despite initial efficiency gains, highlighting electrode thickness optimization as a key factor for durable and cost-effective HTM-free Perovskite solar cells.

Graphical Abstract