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<p>Microbial Fuel Cells (MFCs) convert chemical energy from organic matter into electrical energy using microorganisms. In this study, biomass-derived carbon electrode materials with open three-dimensional (3D) structures were successfully constructed using natural loofah sponge as raw material and converting it into macroporous carbon materials with continuous multistage pore channel characteristics via a carbonisation process. Loofah biochar carbonised (LBC) was modified by HNO₃ electrolysis, NH₃·H<sub>2</sub>O immersion, and synergistic electrolysis of HNO₃ with NH₃·H<sub>2</sub>O immersion. The modified Loofah biochar carbonised samples were systematically characterised using scanning electron microscopy, X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy, and electrochemical analyses to evaluate their structure and composition. The results showed that after nitric acid electrolysis and ammonia immersion, nitrogen-rich functional groups were introduced in the loofah biochar carbonised to improve the multi-level porosity of Loofah biochar carbonised and to promote microbial adhesion and electron transfer using its natural 3D fibre structure. The MFCs equipped with the Loofah biochar carbonized-HNO₃+NH₃·H<sub>2</sub>O(The biochar was successively subjected to HNO₃ electrolysis and NH₃·H<sub>2</sub>O immersion.) anode exhibited a maximum power density of 3.15 ± 0.5&#xa0;W/m<sup>2</sup> and a COD removal efficiency of 90%. This demonstrates the feasibility of using low-cost, sustainable natural materials to prepare high-performance anodes.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Dual HNO₃/NH₃ modification of loofah biochar carbonised enabling high-performance and sustainable anodes for microbial fuel cells

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年12月29日

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  • Yibo Sun,
  • Mingchuan Zhang,
  • Xi Chen,
  • Xinyang Xu

摘要

Microbial Fuel Cells (MFCs) convert chemical energy from organic matter into electrical energy using microorganisms. In this study, biomass-derived carbon electrode materials with open three-dimensional (3D) structures were successfully constructed using natural loofah sponge as raw material and converting it into macroporous carbon materials with continuous multistage pore channel characteristics via a carbonisation process. Loofah biochar carbonised (LBC) was modified by HNO₃ electrolysis, NH₃·H2O immersion, and synergistic electrolysis of HNO₃ with NH₃·H2O immersion. The modified Loofah biochar carbonised samples were systematically characterised using scanning electron microscopy, X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy, and electrochemical analyses to evaluate their structure and composition. The results showed that after nitric acid electrolysis and ammonia immersion, nitrogen-rich functional groups were introduced in the loofah biochar carbonised to improve the multi-level porosity of Loofah biochar carbonised and to promote microbial adhesion and electron transfer using its natural 3D fibre structure. The MFCs equipped with the Loofah biochar carbonized-HNO₃+NH₃·H2O(The biochar was successively subjected to HNO₃ electrolysis and NH₃·H2O immersion.) anode exhibited a maximum power density of 3.15 ± 0.5 W/m2 and a COD removal efficiency of 90%. This demonstrates the feasibility of using low-cost, sustainable natural materials to prepare high-performance anodes.

Graphical Abstract