<p>Herein, a pencil graphite electrode (PGE) was polarised in ammonium carbamate solution using cyclic voltammetry with the goal of a cheap and reusable electrochemical sensor for dopamine and uric acid monitoring. The FTIR study of the polarised PGE shows the introduction of amine functionalization onto PGE. Furthermore, the amine functionalized PGE (NPGE) was characterised using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Then, dopamine (DA) and uric acid (UA) in physiological pH were both monitored individually and simultaneously using the NPGE by applying the differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) technique. The DA and UA oxidation currents under optimized conditions exhibited linear responses over the concentration range of 1.06–160.00&#xa0;µM for DA, and 30.06–150.00&#xa0;µM for UA. The limit of detection (LOD) for DA and UA were estimated to be 0.94 and 1.26&#xa0;µM, respectively. Additionally, the transducer sensitivity of 5.47 µA µM<sup>−1</sup>&#xa0;cm<sup>−2</sup> for DA, and 1.70 µA µM<sup>−1</sup>&#xa0;cm<sup>−2</sup> for UA were calculated. It was found that reaction products of analytes are reabsorbed onto the electrode surface, limiting its reusability. In order to successfully remove the adsorbed oxidised products from the electrode surface, a regeneration solution is proposed, and the sensor shows 98% reusability. The performance of the developed electrode was then assessed in serum and urine samples. The obtained concentration of DA and UA from calibration plots were then compared with the clinical analysis as a proof-of-concept for practical application.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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A cost-effective and reusable electrochemical sensor for simultaneous monitoring of dopamine and uric acid in biological samples

  • Shahed Ahmed,
  • Rakibul Hasan,
  • Tapan Kumar Biswas,
  • Dulal Chandra Kabiraz

摘要

Herein, a pencil graphite electrode (PGE) was polarised in ammonium carbamate solution using cyclic voltammetry with the goal of a cheap and reusable electrochemical sensor for dopamine and uric acid monitoring. The FTIR study of the polarised PGE shows the introduction of amine functionalization onto PGE. Furthermore, the amine functionalized PGE (NPGE) was characterised using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Then, dopamine (DA) and uric acid (UA) in physiological pH were both monitored individually and simultaneously using the NPGE by applying the differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) technique. The DA and UA oxidation currents under optimized conditions exhibited linear responses over the concentration range of 1.06–160.00 µM for DA, and 30.06–150.00 µM for UA. The limit of detection (LOD) for DA and UA were estimated to be 0.94 and 1.26 µM, respectively. Additionally, the transducer sensitivity of 5.47 µA µM−1 cm−2 for DA, and 1.70 µA µM−1 cm−2 for UA were calculated. It was found that reaction products of analytes are reabsorbed onto the electrode surface, limiting its reusability. In order to successfully remove the adsorbed oxidised products from the electrode surface, a regeneration solution is proposed, and the sensor shows 98% reusability. The performance of the developed electrode was then assessed in serum and urine samples. The obtained concentration of DA and UA from calibration plots were then compared with the clinical analysis as a proof-of-concept for practical application.

Graphical Abstract