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<p>This study investigated the impact of substituting Zn with Co, Ni, and Fe in Cu<sub>2</sub>ZnSnS<sub>4</sub> (CZTS) thin films on their crystalline quality, morphology and optical proprieties, and ultimately on the efficiency of CZTS solar cells. The films, denoted as Cu<sub>2</sub>XSnS<sub>4</sub> (X = Zn, Co, Ni, Fe), were synthesized via electrodeposition on fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) coated glass substrates, followed by sulfurization. Electrochemical analysis revealed distinct reduction peaks for Cu, Zn, Co, Ni, and Fe. The electrochemical deposition of Cu–Zn–Sn–S, Cu–Ni–Sn–S, and Cu–Fe–Sn–S films followed a progressive nucleation mechanism, while the deposition of Cu–Co–Sn–S films showed instantaneous nucleation mechanism. The formation of all the films was through diffusion-limited three-dimensional growth. The films underwent sulfurization treatment in the presence of sulfur powder under N<sub>2</sub> atmosphere at 500 °C for 1 h. X-ray diffraction (XRD) confirmed the formation of kesterite for Cu<sub>2</sub>ZnSnS<sub>4</sub> (CZTS), stannite for Cu<sub>2</sub>CoSnS<sub>4</sub> (CCTS) and Cu<sub>2</sub>FeSnS<sub>4</sub> (CFTS), and cubic crystal structure for Cu<sub>2</sub>NiSnS<sub>4</sub> (CNTS) films, with lattice expansion indicated by a shift in the (112) reflection. Raman spectroscopy validated phase purity for all the films, while scanning electron microscopy (SEM) highlighted a uniform and compact morphology. Optical absorption studies showed a redshift in bandgap energies with the substitution of Zn, with values ranging from 1.50 eV to 1.70 eV, making these materials promising candidates for efficient solar energy conversion.</p> Graphical abstract <p></p>

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Electrochemical growth of Cu2XSnS4 (X = Zn, Co, Ni, Fe) thin films as absorber layers for solar cells

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年9月20日

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  • Omar Ait Layachi,
  • Abderrazzak Boudouma,
  • Hala Hrir,
  • Abdalhak El Brouzi,
  • El Mati Khoumri

摘要

This study investigated the impact of substituting Zn with Co, Ni, and Fe in Cu2ZnSnS4 (CZTS) thin films on their crystalline quality, morphology and optical proprieties, and ultimately on the efficiency of CZTS solar cells. The films, denoted as Cu2XSnS4 (X = Zn, Co, Ni, Fe), were synthesized via electrodeposition on fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) coated glass substrates, followed by sulfurization. Electrochemical analysis revealed distinct reduction peaks for Cu, Zn, Co, Ni, and Fe. The electrochemical deposition of Cu–Zn–Sn–S, Cu–Ni–Sn–S, and Cu–Fe–Sn–S films followed a progressive nucleation mechanism, while the deposition of Cu–Co–Sn–S films showed instantaneous nucleation mechanism. The formation of all the films was through diffusion-limited three-dimensional growth. The films underwent sulfurization treatment in the presence of sulfur powder under N2 atmosphere at 500 °C for 1 h. X-ray diffraction (XRD) confirmed the formation of kesterite for Cu2ZnSnS4 (CZTS), stannite for Cu2CoSnS4 (CCTS) and Cu2FeSnS4 (CFTS), and cubic crystal structure for Cu2NiSnS4 (CNTS) films, with lattice expansion indicated by a shift in the (112) reflection. Raman spectroscopy validated phase purity for all the films, while scanning electron microscopy (SEM) highlighted a uniform and compact morphology. Optical absorption studies showed a redshift in bandgap energies with the substitution of Zn, with values ranging from 1.50 eV to 1.70 eV, making these materials promising candidates for efficient solar energy conversion.

Graphical abstract