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<p>This study investigated the impact of particle milling on the electrochemical properties of 5% niobium-doped titanium dioxide (Nb-TiO<sub>2</sub>) films, focusing on charge transport and recombination. While the effects of milling on structural and morphological characteristics had been previously reported, its influence on electrochemical parameters remained unexplored. The oxides were synthesized using the Pechini method and subjected to high-energy ball milling. The films were sensitized with N719 dye, and solar cells were assembled using platinum as the counter electrode and an iodide/triiodide redox couple as the electrolyte. Electrochemical measurements included open-circuit potential, photochronoamperometry, current–voltage (j–V) curves, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and intensity-modulated photovoltage spectroscopy. Ball milling improved charge injection and reduced recombination reactions, resulting in solar devices with enhanced energy conversion efficiency of 4.05%. </p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Using electrochemical measurements to understand the effect of particle processing by high energy ball milling in 5%Nb-TiO2 photoelectrodes

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年9月13日

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  • Letícia Fernanda Gonçalves Larsson,
  • Rafaelle Bonzanini,
  • Ana Paula Peron,
  • Osvaldo Valarini Junior,
  • Gideã Taques Tractz

摘要

This study investigated the impact of particle milling on the electrochemical properties of 5% niobium-doped titanium dioxide (Nb-TiO2) films, focusing on charge transport and recombination. While the effects of milling on structural and morphological characteristics had been previously reported, its influence on electrochemical parameters remained unexplored. The oxides were synthesized using the Pechini method and subjected to high-energy ball milling. The films were sensitized with N719 dye, and solar cells were assembled using platinum as the counter electrode and an iodide/triiodide redox couple as the electrolyte. Electrochemical measurements included open-circuit potential, photochronoamperometry, current–voltage (j–V) curves, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and intensity-modulated photovoltage spectroscopy. Ball milling improved charge injection and reduced recombination reactions, resulting in solar devices with enhanced energy conversion efficiency of 4.05%.

Graphical Abstract