Innovations in traumatic brain injury diagnostics: electrochemical impedance spectroscopy leading the way

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) poses significant challenges to the diagnosis of TBI due to its complex nature and the variability of its biomarkers. This review provides a detailed analysis of the application of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) in the detection of mTBI biomarkers and explores its potential to address these challenges. EIS is a promising tool for improving TBI diagnostics, as it is known for its sensitivity and specificity and allows real-time monitoring of biomolecular interactions on sensor surfaces. This review highlights advances in EIS-based strategies and their contributions to improving TBI biomarker analysis, focusing on the detection of critical biomarkers, such as S100B, GFAP, UCH-L1, IL-6, and tau protein. The integration of novel electrode materials and biorecognition elements, as well as the development of portable and cost-effective biosensors, illustrate the evolving landscape of TBI diagnostics and the potential of EIS to fill existing gaps in clinical practice.