RETRACTED ARTICLE: Effect of the integration of tin oxide/tin sulphide nanoparticles on the properties of polythiophene films for supercapacitor applications

Polythiophene (PTh) was modified with tin oxide (SnO₂) and tin sulphide (SnS₂) nanoparticles to enhance its electrochemical performance. The resulting PTh/SnO₂/SnS₂ material was characterized to understand its surface influence, crystalline structure, and electrochemical behavior, and the results were compared with those of pristine PTh. The study revealed that surface modification improved the structural stability of PTh while maintaining its specific capacitance. Electrochemical properties were assessed using cyclic voltammetry (CV) and AC impedance techniques in a 3 M KOH electrolyte, yielding specific capacitances of 226 F g^− 1 for PTh, 571 F g^− 1 for PTh/SnO₂, 625 F g^− 1 for PTh/SnS₂, and 946 F g^− 1 for PTh/SnO₂/SnS₂ at 5 A g^− 1. This enhancement was attributed to the synergistic effect of the Sn⁴⁺ ions in the PTh/SnO₂/SnS₂ electrode material. In the KOH electrolyte, the PTh/SnO₂/SnS₂ electrode demonstrated an average specific energy and specific power density of 681 Wh kg^− 1 and 5273 W kg^− 1, respectively. Remarkably, only 7% of the initial capacitance was lost after 10,000 cycles. The resulting PTh/SnO₂/SnS₂ nanocomposite exhibited stable and porous layered structures, indicating its potential for supercapacitor applications. The integration of SnO₂ and SnS₂ nanoparticles enhances the structural stability of polythiophene films. This improved stability ensures that the films can maintain their integrity and functionality over multiple charge-discharge cycles, leading to a longer lifespan in supercapacitor devices. This study demonstrated that PTh/SnO₂/SnS₂ nanomaterials offer good structural stability and electrochemical performance, making them promising materials for supercapacitors.