Gold nanoparticles/graphene oxide/β-Cyclodextrin nanocomposite for electrochemical determination of Novafen, a new dosage form, in human serum and pharmaceuticals

The present study describes fabrication of an electrochemical nanosensor using Graphene Oxide (GO), β-Cyclodextrin (β-CD), and Gold Nanoparticles (AuNPs) for simultaneous determination of acetaminophen (Ac), ibuprofen (Ib), and caffeine (Ca). AuNPs/ Epβ-CD/ ERGO built on the glassy carbon electrode (GCE) surface, provides a high electrochemical surface area compared to the bare one and each other. Characterization techniques, such as FE-SEM, EDS, TEM, CV, and EIS showed valuable insights into the elemental content, electrochemical characteristics, and morphology of AuNPs/Epβ-CD/ ERGO/GCE. As a result, the Ac, Ib, and Ca sensing exhibited linearity behavior separately in an extended range (0.1–300.0, 0.1–500.0, and 1.0-400.0 µM), respectively. To go a step further, the modified electrode was applied for the simultaneous determination of Ac, Ib, and Ca which featured low detection limit (DL, 0.04, 0.03, and 0.10 µM) over a wide linear range of concentration (0.1–100.0, 0.1–30.0, and 1.0–50.0 µM), respectively. Moreover, stability, reproducibility, selectivity, interferences, and repeatability of the provided sensor was investigated. The proposed modified electrode represented excellent performance for detection of these drugs in human serum and pharmaceuticals.

Schematic illustration for fabricating of the electrochemical nanosensor for the simultaneous determination of Ac, Ib, and Ca.