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Background and objectives <p>Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a leading neurovascular complication affecting the working age group worldwide. Zinc alpha-2-glycoprotein (ZAG) is indeed an important adipokine, and it has been found to play a role in various metabolic conditions, including diabetes, metabolic syndrome and responses to lifestyle changes. In this study, we have assessed the levels of ZAG in the aqueous and vitreous humour of DR cases as a marker for the disease. It’s a case–control prospective study wherein 65 Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy (PDR) patients in the age group of 50–60&#xa0;years with type 2 diabetes mellitus&#xa0;and with no other ocular complications were included. The PDR cases were classified with Tractional Retinal Detachment (TRD) and Fibrovascular Proliferation (FVP). 15 Macular hole (MH) patients in the age group of 60–70&#xa0;years with no history of diabetes were included as disease control subjects. The groups were evaluated for demographic variables, biochemical parameters, vitreous ZAG levels and biomarkers. Data between the groups were compared statistically.</p> Results <p>A significant increase in ZAG protein levels was observed in both vitreous humour and aqueous humour of PDR cases compared to MH control. A positive correlation was observed between ZAG and various biomarkers like adiponectin, leptin, galectin-3, Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), pentraxin-3 (PTX3) and tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF- alpha). Unconditional logistic regression analysis was conducted, and ZAG had 20.167 odds ratio (95% CI 3.927–103.576, <i>P</i> = 0.001).</p> Conclusion <p>The present study shows that ZAG is increased in the vitreous and aqueous humour of the PDR cases compared to the macular hole. It was also correlated with the&#xa0;already reported biomarkers. It could be a risk factor for the disease based on the odds ratio.</p>

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A case–control prospective study to unravel zinc alpha 2 glycoprotein role in the pathophysiology of diabetic retinopathy

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年3月22日

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  • Prakash Umapathy,
  • Kishore Arumugam,
  • Ramya Benita Babu,
  • Ramya R. Nadig,
  • Rajiv Raman,
  • Girish Shiva Rao,
  • Muna P Bhende,
  • Viswanathan Natarajan,
  • KM Ramkumar,
  • Bharathidevi Subramaniam Rajesh

摘要

Background and objectives

Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a leading neurovascular complication affecting the working age group worldwide. Zinc alpha-2-glycoprotein (ZAG) is indeed an important adipokine, and it has been found to play a role in various metabolic conditions, including diabetes, metabolic syndrome and responses to lifestyle changes. In this study, we have assessed the levels of ZAG in the aqueous and vitreous humour of DR cases as a marker for the disease. It’s a case–control prospective study wherein 65 Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy (PDR) patients in the age group of 50–60 years with type 2 diabetes mellitus and with no other ocular complications were included. The PDR cases were classified with Tractional Retinal Detachment (TRD) and Fibrovascular Proliferation (FVP). 15 Macular hole (MH) patients in the age group of 60–70 years with no history of diabetes were included as disease control subjects. The groups were evaluated for demographic variables, biochemical parameters, vitreous ZAG levels and biomarkers. Data between the groups were compared statistically.

Results

A significant increase in ZAG protein levels was observed in both vitreous humour and aqueous humour of PDR cases compared to MH control. A positive correlation was observed between ZAG and various biomarkers like adiponectin, leptin, galectin-3, Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), pentraxin-3 (PTX3) and tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF- alpha). Unconditional logistic regression analysis was conducted, and ZAG had 20.167 odds ratio (95% CI 3.927–103.576, P = 0.001).

Conclusion

The present study shows that ZAG is increased in the vitreous and aqueous humour of the PDR cases compared to the macular hole. It was also correlated with the already reported biomarkers. It could be a risk factor for the disease based on the odds ratio.