Evaluating the safety and effectiveness of the sub-400 corneal cross-linking protocol: initial clinical and morphological findings

To assess the safety and the efficacy of the “Sub-400 corneal cross-linking (CXL) protocol” for progressive keratoconus (KC) in ultrathin corneas.

The study included thirty four patients with progressive KC, who underwent CXL using the “Sub-400” protocol due to intraoperative thinnest corneal pachymetry ranging from 295 to 398 μm after epithelial removal. After the epithelium was removed, the following ultraviolet A irradiation was applied at a fluence of 3 mW/cm² and the duration was adjusted based on the specific corneal stromal thickness. In addition to slit-lamp microscopy and visual acuity assessment, our evaluation included measurements of the maximal anterior keratometry value (Kmax), mean anterior and posterior K values (Kmean), thinnest corneal thickness (TCT), central corneal thickness, intraoperative pachymetry, and corneal endothelial cell density (ECD) preoperatively and 1 year postoperatively. Stromal demarcation line depth (DL) was measured in the first postoperative month.

At the first year postoperative follow-up visit, 88% (30 eyes) exhibited tomographic stability, with average values of change in Kmax (ΔKmax) 0.61 ± 6.45 D after CXL. None of the eyes showed signs of endothelial decompensation. The mean DL depth was 250.76 ± 44.05 μm. Moderate positive correlations were observed between DL and ultraviolet A irradiation time, DL, and intraoperative stromal thickness (r = 0.473, p = 0.005 and r = 0.517, p = 0.002, respectively). ΔKmax was negatively correlated with preoperative Kmax (r =  − 0.559, P = 0.001) and positively correlated with preoperative TCT (r = 0.373, P = 0.030).

The “Sub-400 protocol” for CXL has a broad application possibility for ultrathin corneas with KC and has shown promising results.