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<p>This study investigates the magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) flow of a non-Newtonian Williamson fluid over a wedge under convective boundary conditions, incorporating entropy generation and the Cattaneo-Christov heat flux model. The effects of key physical parameters, including magnetic parameter (M), pressure gradient, permeability, Williamson number (We), Prandtl number (Pr), Biot number (Bi), Brownian motion (Nb), thermophoresis (Nt), and wedge angle (m), are analyzed. The governing nonlinear equations are solved numerically using a boundary-value solver. The results reveal that increasing the Williamson number reduces the velocity profile by approximately 25% due to enhanced viscoelastic resistance, whereas stronger magnetic and pressure effects enhance velocity by nearly 25–40%. An increase in the Prandtl number significantly reduces the thermal boundary layer thickness by about 40%, indicating lower thermal diffusivity. Similarly, higher Schmidt numbers decrease the concentration boundary layer thickness by approximately 43%, reflecting reduced mass diffusivity. Furthermore, the Nusselt number is observed to decrease by around 12–18% with increasing Brownian motion and thermophoresis parameters, highlighting their influence on heat transfer characteristics. These findings provide practical insight for optimizing thermal performance in engineering systems such as MHD generators, heat exchangers, and nanofluid-based cooling technologies involving non-Newtonian fluids.</p>

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Numerical study of heat transfer analysis in flow of Williamson fluid over a wedge with entropy generation

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月20日

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  • Muhammad Amjad,
  • Muhammad Ramzan,
  • Muhammad Ishaq,
  • Muhammad Waheed Rasheed

摘要

This study investigates the magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) flow of a non-Newtonian Williamson fluid over a wedge under convective boundary conditions, incorporating entropy generation and the Cattaneo-Christov heat flux model. The effects of key physical parameters, including magnetic parameter (M), pressure gradient, permeability, Williamson number (We), Prandtl number (Pr), Biot number (Bi), Brownian motion (Nb), thermophoresis (Nt), and wedge angle (m), are analyzed. The governing nonlinear equations are solved numerically using a boundary-value solver. The results reveal that increasing the Williamson number reduces the velocity profile by approximately 25% due to enhanced viscoelastic resistance, whereas stronger magnetic and pressure effects enhance velocity by nearly 25–40%. An increase in the Prandtl number significantly reduces the thermal boundary layer thickness by about 40%, indicating lower thermal diffusivity. Similarly, higher Schmidt numbers decrease the concentration boundary layer thickness by approximately 43%, reflecting reduced mass diffusivity. Furthermore, the Nusselt number is observed to decrease by around 12–18% with increasing Brownian motion and thermophoresis parameters, highlighting their influence on heat transfer characteristics. These findings provide practical insight for optimizing thermal performance in engineering systems such as MHD generators, heat exchangers, and nanofluid-based cooling technologies involving non-Newtonian fluids.