<p>Organizations and governments are struggling to handle the hostile content on social media sites (<InlineEquation ID="IEq1"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10791_2025_9790_Article_IEq1.gif" Format="GIF" Height="17" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="93" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(Facebook^{TM}\)</EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, <InlineEquation ID="IEq2"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10791_2025_9790_Article_IEq2.gif" Format="GIF" Height="17" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="82" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(Twitter^{TM}\)</EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, etc.). While extensive research exists for English-language content, regional languages like Hindi lack robust tools and datasets for effective moderation. This study proposes a scalable AI-based framework for detecting hostile posts in Hindi, the most widely spoken language in the Indian subcontinent and the third most spoken globally. We employ both binary (coarse-grained) and multi-class, multi-label (fine-grained) classification using contextual and semantic features. Our approach integrates various BERT-based embeddings with Relational Graph Convolutional Networks (R-GCN), forming a hybrid BRGCN architecture trained on the Constraint 2021 Hindi dataset. To enhance performance, we implement a hard voting-based ensemble classifier. The proposed model achieves superior F1-scores compared to existing baselines: 0.98 for coarse-grained classification and 0.84, 0.61, 0.49, and 0.64 for the fine-grained categories of Fake, Hate, Defamation, and Offensive, respectively. Code and data will be made publicly available in <a href="https://github.com/mani-design/B-RGCN">https://github.com/mani-design/B-RGCN</a>.</p>

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Graph-based hostile content detection in Hindi language

  • Angana Chakraborty,
  • Subhankar Joardar,
  • Dilip K. Prasad,
  • Arif Ahmed Sekh

摘要

Organizations and governments are struggling to handle the hostile content on social media sites ( \(Facebook^{TM}\) , \(Twitter^{TM}\) , etc.). While extensive research exists for English-language content, regional languages like Hindi lack robust tools and datasets for effective moderation. This study proposes a scalable AI-based framework for detecting hostile posts in Hindi, the most widely spoken language in the Indian subcontinent and the third most spoken globally. We employ both binary (coarse-grained) and multi-class, multi-label (fine-grained) classification using contextual and semantic features. Our approach integrates various BERT-based embeddings with Relational Graph Convolutional Networks (R-GCN), forming a hybrid BRGCN architecture trained on the Constraint 2021 Hindi dataset. To enhance performance, we implement a hard voting-based ensemble classifier. The proposed model achieves superior F1-scores compared to existing baselines: 0.98 for coarse-grained classification and 0.84, 0.61, 0.49, and 0.64 for the fine-grained categories of Fake, Hate, Defamation, and Offensive, respectively. Code and data will be made publicly available in https://github.com/mani-design/B-RGCN.