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<p>Aging is a significant risk factor for various ophthalmic diseases, which can lead to vision loss. With the worldwide elderly population expanding, it is essential for researchers to elucidate the mechanisms underlying the progression of ocular diseases and to ascertain methods for their prevention or deceleration. The five principal age-related eye disorders (AREDs) consist of glaucoma, dry eye syndrome (DES), diabetic retinopathy (DR), cataracts, and age-related macular degeneration (AMD). A sustained subclinical low-grade inflammation has been observed at the ocular surface of elderly individuals who identify as "healthy." In these instances, an imbalance in para-inflammatory processes, which are essential for preserving tissue homeostasis in response to environmental injuries or insults, results in ocular surface system dysfunction, commonly referred to as InflammAging. Corneal and conjunctival epithelial cells express a variety of immune-related recognition receptors, including toll-like receptors (TLRs). At the ocular surface, TLRs play an active role in immunological instruction and innate defense mechanisms. The function of TLRs in AREDs is summarized here. In addition to discussing potential solutions and challenges in the clinical use of TLR inhibitors, future challenges will also be addressed.</p>

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Regulation of toll-like receptor signaling pathways in age-related eye disease: from mechanisms to targeted therapeutics

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年8月19日

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  • Qiaoqiao Kong,
  • Yixiang Jiang,
  • Xiang Li,
  • Xuejing Lu

摘要

Aging is a significant risk factor for various ophthalmic diseases, which can lead to vision loss. With the worldwide elderly population expanding, it is essential for researchers to elucidate the mechanisms underlying the progression of ocular diseases and to ascertain methods for their prevention or deceleration. The five principal age-related eye disorders (AREDs) consist of glaucoma, dry eye syndrome (DES), diabetic retinopathy (DR), cataracts, and age-related macular degeneration (AMD). A sustained subclinical low-grade inflammation has been observed at the ocular surface of elderly individuals who identify as "healthy." In these instances, an imbalance in para-inflammatory processes, which are essential for preserving tissue homeostasis in response to environmental injuries or insults, results in ocular surface system dysfunction, commonly referred to as InflammAging. Corneal and conjunctival epithelial cells express a variety of immune-related recognition receptors, including toll-like receptors (TLRs). At the ocular surface, TLRs play an active role in immunological instruction and innate defense mechanisms. The function of TLRs in AREDs is summarized here. In addition to discussing potential solutions and challenges in the clinical use of TLR inhibitors, future challenges will also be addressed.