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<p>The longstanding pursuit of unifying physical laws is dependent to new conceptual frameworks that can bridge classical and modern physics. In this study, we establish a novel approach based on the concept of <i>General Energy Behavior (GEB)</i> to reinterpret and unify fundamental thermodynamic principles. Here, while defining, supplementing and integrating all established materials regarding <i>Energy Structure Theory (EST)</i>, we introduce and formally define two universal laws of energy behavior: the <i>Preference Law</i>, which describes the system’s tendency to retain energy in non-dynamic forms, and the <i>Exchange Law</i>, which governs the interaction between independent and dependent components of non-dynamic energies. These GEB laws aim to unify aspects of the first and second laws of thermodynamics and offer a structured perspective for analyzing energy exchange processes in physical systems. We derive the corresponding mathematical formulations and validate them using a generalized application of Borchers’ remarks on the second law of thermodynamics. The results suggest that GEB laws may offer a useful theoretical basis for future efforts toward unifying physical principles.</p>

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Formulating General Energy Behavior Laws: A New Perspective on Unifying Thermodynamic Principles

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年10月10日

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  • S. Shahsavari,
  • S. M. A. Boutorabi,
  • Mehran Moradi,
  • H. P. Beyranvand

摘要

The longstanding pursuit of unifying physical laws is dependent to new conceptual frameworks that can bridge classical and modern physics. In this study, we establish a novel approach based on the concept of General Energy Behavior (GEB) to reinterpret and unify fundamental thermodynamic principles. Here, while defining, supplementing and integrating all established materials regarding Energy Structure Theory (EST), we introduce and formally define two universal laws of energy behavior: the Preference Law, which describes the system’s tendency to retain energy in non-dynamic forms, and the Exchange Law, which governs the interaction between independent and dependent components of non-dynamic energies. These GEB laws aim to unify aspects of the first and second laws of thermodynamics and offer a structured perspective for analyzing energy exchange processes in physical systems. We derive the corresponding mathematical formulations and validate them using a generalized application of Borchers’ remarks on the second law of thermodynamics. The results suggest that GEB laws may offer a useful theoretical basis for future efforts toward unifying physical principles.