<p>Given a finite simple graph <i>G</i> on <i>m</i> vertices, the zeon combinatorial Laplacian <InlineEquation ID="IEq1"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10773_2025_6032_Article_IEq1.gif" Format="GIF" Height="14" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="13" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\Lambda \)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mi mathvariant="normal">Λ</mi> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> of <i>G</i> is an <InlineEquation ID="IEq2"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10773_2025_6032_Article_IEq2.gif" Format="GIF" Height="13" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="54" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(m\times m\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>m</mi> <mo>×</mo> <mi>m</mi> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> matrix having entries in the complex zeon algebra <InlineEquation ID="IEq3"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10773_2025_6032_Article_IEq3.gif" Format="GIF" Height="16" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="23" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\mathbb {C}\mathfrak {Z}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="double-struck">C</mi> <mi mathvariant="fraktur">Z</mi> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>. It is shown here that if the graph has a unique vertex <i>v</i> of degree <i>k</i>, then the Laplacian has a unique zeon eigenvalue <InlineEquation ID="IEq4"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10773_2025_6032_Article_IEq4.gif" Format="GIF" Height="14" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="15" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\lambda \)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mi>λ</mi> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> whose scalar part is <i>k</i>. Moreover, the canonical expansion of the nilpotent (dual) part of <InlineEquation ID="IEq5"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10773_2025_6032_Article_IEq4.gif" Format="GIF" Height="14" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="15" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\lambda \)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mi>λ</mi> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> counts the cycles based at vertex <i>v</i> in <i>G</i>. With an appropriate generalization of the zeon combinatorial Laplacian of <i>G</i>, all cycles in <i>G</i> are counted by <InlineEquation ID="IEq6"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10773_2025_6032_Article_IEq1.gif" Format="GIF" Height="14" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="13" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\Lambda \)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mi mathvariant="normal">Λ</mi> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>. Moreover when a generalized zeon combinatorial Laplacian <InlineEquation ID="IEq7"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10773_2025_6032_Article_IEq1.gif" Format="GIF" Height="14" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="13" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\Lambda \)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mi mathvariant="normal">Λ</mi> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> can be viewed as a self-adjoint operator on the <InlineEquation ID="IEq8"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10773_2025_6032_Article_IEq3.gif" Format="GIF" Height="16" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="23" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\mathbb {C}\mathfrak {Z}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="double-struck">C</mi> <mi mathvariant="fraktur">Z</mi> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>-module of <i>m</i>-tuples of zeon elements, it can be interpreted as a quantum random variable whose values reveal the cycle structure of the underlying graph.</p>

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Spectral Properties of the Zeon Combinatorial Laplacian: Cycles in Finite Graphs

  • G. Stacey Staples

摘要

Given a finite simple graph G on m vertices, the zeon combinatorial Laplacian \(\Lambda \) Λ of G is an \(m\times m\) m × m matrix having entries in the complex zeon algebra \(\mathbb {C}\mathfrak {Z}\) C Z . It is shown here that if the graph has a unique vertex v of degree k, then the Laplacian has a unique zeon eigenvalue \(\lambda \) λ whose scalar part is k. Moreover, the canonical expansion of the nilpotent (dual) part of \(\lambda \) λ counts the cycles based at vertex v in G. With an appropriate generalization of the zeon combinatorial Laplacian of G, all cycles in G are counted by \(\Lambda \) Λ . Moreover when a generalized zeon combinatorial Laplacian \(\Lambda \) Λ can be viewed as a self-adjoint operator on the \(\mathbb {C}\mathfrak {Z}\) C Z -module of m-tuples of zeon elements, it can be interpreted as a quantum random variable whose values reveal the cycle structure of the underlying graph.