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<p>Semi-quantum dialogue (SQD) protocol is an important branch of quantum dialogue, with the advantage that not all participants need full quantum capabilities. However, existing semi-quantum dialogue protocols mainly use entangled states to establish quantum channels, and very few protocols use single particle states for communication. Additionally, existing SQD protocols face limitations such as low efficiency and the complexity of operations required by the semi-quantum party. To address these issues, a new SQD protocol based on <i>d</i>-dimensional single particle states is proposed. In this protocol, single-particle states are used to transmit secret information instead of entangled states. For the semi-quantum party in the protocol, only permutation operations are required, without the need for measurements or the preparation of fresh particles. Security analysis shows that the protocol is robust against common attacks. Finally, efficiency analysis demonstrates that the protocol achieves asymptotic efficiency of 1, significantly improving upon existing SQD protocols.</p>

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Semi-Quantum Dialogue with d-Dimensional Single Particles

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年5月6日

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  • Ling Zhang,
  • Xun Liu,
  • Xiang-Jun Xin,
  • Pu Li,
  • Chao-Yang Li

摘要

Semi-quantum dialogue (SQD) protocol is an important branch of quantum dialogue, with the advantage that not all participants need full quantum capabilities. However, existing semi-quantum dialogue protocols mainly use entangled states to establish quantum channels, and very few protocols use single particle states for communication. Additionally, existing SQD protocols face limitations such as low efficiency and the complexity of operations required by the semi-quantum party. To address these issues, a new SQD protocol based on d-dimensional single particle states is proposed. In this protocol, single-particle states are used to transmit secret information instead of entangled states. For the semi-quantum party in the protocol, only permutation operations are required, without the need for measurements or the preparation of fresh particles. Security analysis shows that the protocol is robust against common attacks. Finally, efficiency analysis demonstrates that the protocol achieves asymptotic efficiency of 1, significantly improving upon existing SQD protocols.