<p>In recent years, using entanglement resources to assist the local discrimination of orthogonal quantum states has attracted wide attention. However, many studies mainly focus on entanglement-assisted local discrimination in bipartite systems, and there are relatively few in multipartite states. In this paper, for the nonlocal set of <InlineEquation ID="IEq1"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10773_2025_5923_Article_IEq1.gif" Format="GIF" Height="15" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="47" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(3d-3\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mn>3</mn> <mi>d</mi> <mo>-</mo> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> orthogonal product states in <InlineEquation ID="IEq2"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10773_2025_5923_Article_IEq2.gif" Format="GIF" Height="15" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="73" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(d\otimes d\otimes d\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>d</mi> <mo>⊗</mo> <mi>d</mi> <mo>⊗</mo> <mi>d</mi> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> <InlineEquation ID="IEq3"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10773_2025_5923_Article_IEq3.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="54" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\((d\ge 3)\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>d</mi> <mo>≥</mo> <mn>3</mn> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> constructed by Zhu et al. (Quantum Inf. Process. 21, 252, 2022), we propose a method of using an ancillary <InlineEquation ID="IEq4"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10773_2025_5923_Article_IEq4.gif" Format="GIF" Height="15" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="43" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(d\otimes d\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>d</mi> <mo>⊗</mo> <mi>d</mi> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> maximally entangled state to realize the local perfect discrimination. Firstly, with a <InlineEquation ID="IEq5"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10773_2025_5923_Article_IEq5.gif" Format="GIF" Height="14" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="39" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(3\otimes 3\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mn>3</mn> <mo>⊗</mo> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> maximally entangled state as an auxiliary resource, we present a method to exactly identify the locally indistinguishable 6 orthogonal product states in <InlineEquation ID="IEq6"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10773_2025_5923_Article_IEq6.gif" Format="GIF" Height="14" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="67" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(3\otimes 3\otimes 3\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mn>3</mn> <mo>⊗</mo> <mn>3</mn> <mo>⊗</mo> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> by local operations and classical communication (LOCC). Then the distinguishing method can be generalized to the <InlineEquation ID="IEq7"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10773_2025_5923_Article_IEq7.gif" Format="GIF" Height="15" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="47" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(3d-3\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mn>3</mn> <mi>d</mi> <mo>-</mo> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> states in <InlineEquation ID="IEq8"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10773_2025_5923_Article_IEq8.gif" Format="GIF" Height="15" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="73" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(d\otimes d\otimes d\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>d</mi> <mo>⊗</mo> <mi>d</mi> <mo>⊗</mo> <mi>d</mi> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>. These results not only reveal the phenomenon of less nonlocality with more entanglement, but also help us better realize the usefulness of entanglement in the local discrimination of quantum states.</p>

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Locally Discriminating Nonlocal Tripartite Orthogonal Product States with Entanglement Resource

  • Tian-Qing Cao,
  • Bo-Hui Gao,
  • Qiao-Ling Xin

摘要

In recent years, using entanglement resources to assist the local discrimination of orthogonal quantum states has attracted wide attention. However, many studies mainly focus on entanglement-assisted local discrimination in bipartite systems, and there are relatively few in multipartite states. In this paper, for the nonlocal set of \(3d-3\) 3 d - 3 orthogonal product states in \(d\otimes d\otimes d\) d d d \((d\ge 3)\) ( d 3 ) constructed by Zhu et al. (Quantum Inf. Process. 21, 252, 2022), we propose a method of using an ancillary \(d\otimes d\) d d maximally entangled state to realize the local perfect discrimination. Firstly, with a \(3\otimes 3\) 3 3 maximally entangled state as an auxiliary resource, we present a method to exactly identify the locally indistinguishable 6 orthogonal product states in \(3\otimes 3\otimes 3\) 3 3 3 by local operations and classical communication (LOCC). Then the distinguishing method can be generalized to the \(3d-3\) 3 d - 3 states in \(d\otimes d\otimes d\) d d d . These results not only reveal the phenomenon of less nonlocality with more entanglement, but also help us better realize the usefulness of entanglement in the local discrimination of quantum states.