<p>This article presents a 4<InlineEquation ID="IEq1"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10762_2025_1060_Article_IEq1.gif" Format="GIF" Height="13" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="19" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\times \)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mo>×</mo> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>6 switched beamforming Chebyshev antenna array operating in the Ka-band (27–40 GHz). The Chebyshev array is designed to minimize the side-lobe level. Hence, to obtain four switched beams, a 4<InlineEquation ID="IEq2"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10762_2025_1060_Article_IEq1.gif" Format="GIF" Height="13" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="19" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\times \)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mo>×</mo> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>4 Butler matrix is employed as a feed network for the 4<InlineEquation ID="IEq3"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10762_2025_1060_Article_IEq1.gif" Format="GIF" Height="13" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="19" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\times \)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mo>×</mo> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>6 Chebyshev antenna array. Consequently, four steerable beams are directed at angles <InlineEquation ID="IEq4"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10762_2025_1060_Article_IEq4.gif" Format="GIF" Height="16" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="46" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\varvec{\pm 20^{\circ }}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mo mathvariant="bold">±</mo> <msup> <mn mathvariant="bold">20</mn> <mo mathvariant="bold">∘</mo> </msup> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> and <InlineEquation ID="IEq5"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10762_2025_1060_Article_IEq5.gif" Format="GIF" Height="16" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="61" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\varvec{\pm 28.5^{\circ }}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mo mathvariant="bold">±</mo> <mn mathvariant="bold">28</mn> <mo mathvariant="bold">.</mo> <msup> <mn mathvariant="bold">5</mn> <mo mathvariant="bold">∘</mo> </msup> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, achieving a gain between 13 and 13.8 dB at 28 GHz. Thus, to further enhance the antenna’s gain to meet the requirements of 5G applications in Ka-band, we have placed a hemispherical lens above the antenna array. As a result, the gain varies between 18.2 and 18.8 dB with a beam scanning in the range of <InlineEquation ID="IEq6"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10762_2025_1060_Article_IEq6.gif" Format="GIF" Height="13" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="19" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(-\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mo>-</mo> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>10<InlineEquation ID="IEq7"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10762_2025_1060_Article_IEq7.gif" Format="GIF" Height="7" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="9" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(^{\circ }\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mmultiscripts> <mrow /> <mrow /> <mo>∘</mo> </mmultiscripts> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, +36<InlineEquation ID="IEq8"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10762_2025_1060_Article_IEq7.gif" Format="GIF" Height="7" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="9" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(^{\circ }\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mmultiscripts> <mrow /> <mrow /> <mo>∘</mo> </mmultiscripts> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>. The simulations and experimental results of the <i>S</i>-parameters show multiband in the Ka-band with a significant bandwidth that satisfies the requirements for 5G applications.</p>

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A High Gain Switched Beamforming Antenna Array with Hemispherical Lens for Ka-Band 5G Applications

  • Emna Jebabli,
  • Mohamed Hayouni,
  • Fethi Choubani

摘要

This article presents a 4 \(\times \) × 6 switched beamforming Chebyshev antenna array operating in the Ka-band (27–40 GHz). The Chebyshev array is designed to minimize the side-lobe level. Hence, to obtain four switched beams, a 4 \(\times \) × 4 Butler matrix is employed as a feed network for the 4 \(\times \) × 6 Chebyshev antenna array. Consequently, four steerable beams are directed at angles \(\varvec{\pm 20^{\circ }}\) ± 20 and \(\varvec{\pm 28.5^{\circ }}\) ± 28 . 5 , achieving a gain between 13 and 13.8 dB at 28 GHz. Thus, to further enhance the antenna’s gain to meet the requirements of 5G applications in Ka-band, we have placed a hemispherical lens above the antenna array. As a result, the gain varies between 18.2 and 18.8 dB with a beam scanning in the range of \(-\) - 10 \(^{\circ }\) , +36 \(^{\circ }\) . The simulations and experimental results of the S-parameters show multiband in the Ka-band with a significant bandwidth that satisfies the requirements for 5G applications.