Performance Degradation Caused by Ionization of the Released Gas Molecules in W-Band Gyrotron Traveling Wave Tube Based on a Simplified Ionization Model

Analysis of the performance degradation for W-band lossy ceramic-loaded gyrotron traveling wave tubes (gyro-TWTs) caused by ionization of the released gas molecules is presented in this paper. The gas is released from the lossy ceramics during high average or continuous wave operation and ionized by colliding with the high-energy gyrating electrons. A potential well will be formed by the diffusion and accumulation of the ionization particles after the collision and then degrade the gyro-TWT performance. This process has been simulated based on a simplified model by introducing an equivalent ionization source combining ions and electrons. With a vacuum of \(5.1 \times 10^{-5}\) $5.1\times {10}^{-5}$ Pa, the theoretically calculated initial energy and equivalent ionization current are 0.01 eV and 0.5 A, respectively. It leads to a deterioration in the output power stability of the gyro-TWT. The performance degradation including spectrum and field pattern caused by gas ionization is also given and analyzed. One of the primary causes is the quality (pitch factor and velocity spread) degradation of the electron beam. According to the simulation and hot test experiments, the vacuum should be maintained below \(2.1 \times 10^{-6}\) $2.1\times {10}^{-6}$ Pa for stabilizing the amplified operation.