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<p>Gallium-68 is a widely used positron-emitting radionuclide in nuclear medicine, particularly for PET imaging with radiolabeled peptides and small molecules. Its short half-life (67.7&#xa0;min) and favorable decay characteristics, combined with versatile coordination chemistry, make it highly suitable for efficient labeling of targeting vectors such as PSMA-11 and DOTATATE. The increasing clinical demand for ⁶⁸Ga has driven the development and optimization of two primary production approaches: the ⁶⁸Ge/⁶⁸Ga generator system and direct cyclotron production using various charged-particle-induced nuclear reactions. This review provides a comprehensive overview of both methods, including the relevant nuclear reactions, target materials and radiochemical separation techniques. The advantages and limitations of generator and cyclotron-based production are compared in terms of yield, radionuclidic purity, availability and suitability for clinical applications. Finally, current challenges and future perspectives for ensuring a reliable supply of ⁶⁸Ga in nuclear medicine are discussed. Together, these analyses provide a practical framework to guide nuclear medicine facilities in selecting the most appropriate ⁶⁸Ga production strategy for their institutional, economic and regulatory context.</p>

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Production routes of ⁶⁸Ge and ⁶⁸Ga: generator and cyclotron methods in nuclear medicine

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月25日

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  • G. Mehmonov,
  • S. Khujaev,
  • S Egamediev

摘要

Gallium-68 is a widely used positron-emitting radionuclide in nuclear medicine, particularly for PET imaging with radiolabeled peptides and small molecules. Its short half-life (67.7 min) and favorable decay characteristics, combined with versatile coordination chemistry, make it highly suitable for efficient labeling of targeting vectors such as PSMA-11 and DOTATATE. The increasing clinical demand for ⁶⁸Ga has driven the development and optimization of two primary production approaches: the ⁶⁸Ge/⁶⁸Ga generator system and direct cyclotron production using various charged-particle-induced nuclear reactions. This review provides a comprehensive overview of both methods, including the relevant nuclear reactions, target materials and radiochemical separation techniques. The advantages and limitations of generator and cyclotron-based production are compared in terms of yield, radionuclidic purity, availability and suitability for clinical applications. Finally, current challenges and future perspectives for ensuring a reliable supply of ⁶⁸Ga in nuclear medicine are discussed. Together, these analyses provide a practical framework to guide nuclear medicine facilities in selecting the most appropriate ⁶⁸Ga production strategy for their institutional, economic and regulatory context.