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<p>Shielded Metal Arc Welding (SMAW) is also popular in fabrication and repair industry but this kind of welding produces complicated airborne emissions that can be dangerous to health of the occupational health. This paper examines the chemical makeup, concentration, and the particle size of SMAW welding fumes and reviews their significance with regard to the exposure of workers. The analysis of the fumes induced inductively coupled plasma-optical emissions showed that iron oxides (55–65 wt%), then manganese oxides (6–9 wt%), calcium oxide (4–7 wt%), and silicon dioxide (3–6 wt%) are the major components of fumes, with small helpings of aluminum, potassium, chromium and other mixed oxides. The fume levels were measured to lie between 6.5 and 9.2 mg/m<sup>3</sup>. Although they were found to be less than OSHA allowable exposure limits, these values were higher than the actual ACGIH threshold limit values of respirable fractions. It is also important to note that the level of manganese (0.18–0.25&#xa0;mg/m3) was higher than that of ACGIH, and the level of respirable crystalline silica (0.6-0.9&#xa0;mg/m3) was higher than OSHA and ACGIH standards, which creates a serious health concern. The analysis of particle size demonstrated that 45–50% of the particles were in the respirable range (0.1–2.5&#xa0;μm), and 30–35% were ultrafine (&lt; 0.1&#xa0;μm) and had the potential to produce deep alveolar deposition and could be transported throughout the body. These results prove that concentration, fume chemistry, and particle size are all factors contributing to occupational risk. The paper highlights that better ventilation, efficient consumable design, and effective personal protective measures should be used in minimizing the long-term respiratory and systemic health risks that face welders.</p>

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Chemical characterization of welding fume exposure and its health implications in shielded metal arc welding industries

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月14日

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  • Devkumar Neelakandan,
  • Arrivukkarasan Sanjeevirayar,
  • Ashokkumar Annadurai

摘要

Shielded Metal Arc Welding (SMAW) is also popular in fabrication and repair industry but this kind of welding produces complicated airborne emissions that can be dangerous to health of the occupational health. This paper examines the chemical makeup, concentration, and the particle size of SMAW welding fumes and reviews their significance with regard to the exposure of workers. The analysis of the fumes induced inductively coupled plasma-optical emissions showed that iron oxides (55–65 wt%), then manganese oxides (6–9 wt%), calcium oxide (4–7 wt%), and silicon dioxide (3–6 wt%) are the major components of fumes, with small helpings of aluminum, potassium, chromium and other mixed oxides. The fume levels were measured to lie between 6.5 and 9.2 mg/m3. Although they were found to be less than OSHA allowable exposure limits, these values were higher than the actual ACGIH threshold limit values of respirable fractions. It is also important to note that the level of manganese (0.18–0.25 mg/m3) was higher than that of ACGIH, and the level of respirable crystalline silica (0.6-0.9 mg/m3) was higher than OSHA and ACGIH standards, which creates a serious health concern. The analysis of particle size demonstrated that 45–50% of the particles were in the respirable range (0.1–2.5 μm), and 30–35% were ultrafine (< 0.1 μm) and had the potential to produce deep alveolar deposition and could be transported throughout the body. These results prove that concentration, fume chemistry, and particle size are all factors contributing to occupational risk. The paper highlights that better ventilation, efficient consumable design, and effective personal protective measures should be used in minimizing the long-term respiratory and systemic health risks that face welders.