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<p>The construction industry is highly dependent on Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) and it is considered to be a major contributor to global CO₂ emissions. Due to excessive need of OPC, researchers are looking for the development of low-carbon cement alternatives. Limestone Calcined Clay Cement (LC3) has emerged as a promising solution to replace clinker partially with calcined clay, limestone, and gypsum, enabling CO₂ emission reductions of up to 40%. This review critically examines the mechanical performance, durability, sustainability, and economic feasibility of LC3 in comparison with OPC. The published studies showed that LC3 performs similar compressive strength as that of OPC concrete, but it shows, superior resistance to sulphate and chloride ingress and reduced permeability, making it suitable for infrastructure, residential, and prefabricated applications. The use of widely available raw materials and industrial by-products supports circular economy principles and reduces energy demand during cement production. Despite these advantages, challenges related to raw material variability, process optimization, and industry adoption remain. Overall, this review highlights LC3 as a viable low-carbon binder capable of balancing performance, environmental sustainability, and economic considerations for future green construction.</p>

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Reimagining construction with LC3: Enhancing sustainability through supplementary cementitious materials

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月16日

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  • T. R. Praveenkumar

摘要

The construction industry is highly dependent on Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) and it is considered to be a major contributor to global CO₂ emissions. Due to excessive need of OPC, researchers are looking for the development of low-carbon cement alternatives. Limestone Calcined Clay Cement (LC3) has emerged as a promising solution to replace clinker partially with calcined clay, limestone, and gypsum, enabling CO₂ emission reductions of up to 40%. This review critically examines the mechanical performance, durability, sustainability, and economic feasibility of LC3 in comparison with OPC. The published studies showed that LC3 performs similar compressive strength as that of OPC concrete, but it shows, superior resistance to sulphate and chloride ingress and reduced permeability, making it suitable for infrastructure, residential, and prefabricated applications. The use of widely available raw materials and industrial by-products supports circular economy principles and reduces energy demand during cement production. Despite these advantages, challenges related to raw material variability, process optimization, and industry adoption remain. Overall, this review highlights LC3 as a viable low-carbon binder capable of balancing performance, environmental sustainability, and economic considerations for future green construction.