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<p>The rising global demand for energy, coupled with environmental concerns over fossil fuel dependence, necessitates the exploration of sustainable and renewable alternatives. Ethanol, derived from biomass such as sugarcane, represents a promising candidate due to its renewable origin, high octane number, and cleaner combustion profile. In this study, bioethanol was extracted from sugarcane juice via a first-generation fermentation process using <i>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</i>, followed by distillation for ethanol recovery. The purified ethanol was blended with gasoline to prepare four flex-fuel grades (E10, E20, E30, and E40), which were subsequently characterized for key physicochemical properties including density, cloud point, pour point, flash point, and fire point. Results showed that ethanol addition increased density and ignition safety parameters (flash and fire points), while also elevating cold flow property values (cloud and pour points), thereby indicating improved handling safety but reduced cold-weather operability. Engine performance testing was conducted on a single-cylinder, two-stroke spark-ignition engine using E10 and E20 blends. The ranges of brake thermal efficiency (2.83–4.5% for E10 and 1.31–2.96% for E20) and specific fuel consumption (0.259–0.327&#xa0;kg s⁻¹ for E10 and 0.342–0.510&#xa0;kg s⁻¹ for E20). Brake thermal efficiency (BTE) was observed to decrease with increasing load for both blends, reflecting ethanol’s lower calorific value and cooling effect. Specific fuel consumption (SFC) increased with load for E10 but showed a decreasing trend for E20, suggesting that ethanol’s oxygen content enhances combustion completeness under higher loads. Despite modest efficiency reductions, both blends demonstrated stable operation in unmodified engines, validating their compatibility for near-term adoption. The findings confirm that lower ethanol blends (≤ 20%) can serve as practical and safe substitutes for gasoline, aligning with India’s Ethanol Blended Petrol (EBP) Programme and global decarbonization goals. This work underscores ethanol blending as a technically feasible, economically viable, and environmentally sustainable strategy for advancing energy security and reducing vehicular emissions.</p>

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Flex fuel with ethanol blending: extraction from sugarcane and performance evaluation in IC engines

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月3日

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  • Sri Hari Kumar Annamareddy,
  • Sabareesaan Kannammal Jayabalan,
  • Sivananth Varatharajan,
  • G. Sivakumar,
  • Patchamatla J. Rama Raju

摘要

The rising global demand for energy, coupled with environmental concerns over fossil fuel dependence, necessitates the exploration of sustainable and renewable alternatives. Ethanol, derived from biomass such as sugarcane, represents a promising candidate due to its renewable origin, high octane number, and cleaner combustion profile. In this study, bioethanol was extracted from sugarcane juice via a first-generation fermentation process using Saccharomyces cerevisiae, followed by distillation for ethanol recovery. The purified ethanol was blended with gasoline to prepare four flex-fuel grades (E10, E20, E30, and E40), which were subsequently characterized for key physicochemical properties including density, cloud point, pour point, flash point, and fire point. Results showed that ethanol addition increased density and ignition safety parameters (flash and fire points), while also elevating cold flow property values (cloud and pour points), thereby indicating improved handling safety but reduced cold-weather operability. Engine performance testing was conducted on a single-cylinder, two-stroke spark-ignition engine using E10 and E20 blends. The ranges of brake thermal efficiency (2.83–4.5% for E10 and 1.31–2.96% for E20) and specific fuel consumption (0.259–0.327 kg s⁻¹ for E10 and 0.342–0.510 kg s⁻¹ for E20). Brake thermal efficiency (BTE) was observed to decrease with increasing load for both blends, reflecting ethanol’s lower calorific value and cooling effect. Specific fuel consumption (SFC) increased with load for E10 but showed a decreasing trend for E20, suggesting that ethanol’s oxygen content enhances combustion completeness under higher loads. Despite modest efficiency reductions, both blends demonstrated stable operation in unmodified engines, validating their compatibility for near-term adoption. The findings confirm that lower ethanol blends (≤ 20%) can serve as practical and safe substitutes for gasoline, aligning with India’s Ethanol Blended Petrol (EBP) Programme and global decarbonization goals. This work underscores ethanol blending as a technically feasible, economically viable, and environmentally sustainable strategy for advancing energy security and reducing vehicular emissions.