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<p>The present work explores the utilisation of sugarcane bagasse and coconut shell, which are cost-effective, renewable materials for activated biochar adsorbents. The raw biomasses were carbonised and activated using H₃PO₄, KOH, and ZnCl₂. The main objective of the present work was to characterise the physicochemical properties of the synthesized adsorbents and investigate their efficiency for the removal of phenol from aqueous solutions. GRA was adopted to convert the multi-objective optimization into a single optimization for evaluate the performance of adsorption. The ANOVA was performed on the GRA data, revealing that phenol concentration is the most important influencing factor (55.2%). Contact time (27.8%) and pretreatment temperature (11.2%) which indicate there is a relationship between significantly mass- transfer driving force as well as the interaction period, in the phenol sorption process. According to the signal-to-noise (S/N) ratio, the optimal operating conditions were a phenol concentration of 70&#xa0;mg/L, pretreatment temperature of 8&#xa0;°C and contact time of 30&#xa0;min. The results suggest that GRA is suitable for the optimisation of activated biochar developed from agricultural by-products, which can be employed as an efficient and eco-friendly sorbent material to remove phenol, fulfilling sustainable wastewater management.</p>

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Activation of sugarcane bagasse and coconut shell biochar using H₃PO₄, KOH and ZnCl₂ for adsorption performance optimised through GRA technique

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年2月3日

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  • Adina Srinivasa Vara Prasad,
  • Vittel Rao Rajendranrao,
  • S. Ravichandran,
  • M. Sivanandha Saraswathy,
  • Selvaraj Manickam

摘要

The present work explores the utilisation of sugarcane bagasse and coconut shell, which are cost-effective, renewable materials for activated biochar adsorbents. The raw biomasses were carbonised and activated using H₃PO₄, KOH, and ZnCl₂. The main objective of the present work was to characterise the physicochemical properties of the synthesized adsorbents and investigate their efficiency for the removal of phenol from aqueous solutions. GRA was adopted to convert the multi-objective optimization into a single optimization for evaluate the performance of adsorption. The ANOVA was performed on the GRA data, revealing that phenol concentration is the most important influencing factor (55.2%). Contact time (27.8%) and pretreatment temperature (11.2%) which indicate there is a relationship between significantly mass- transfer driving force as well as the interaction period, in the phenol sorption process. According to the signal-to-noise (S/N) ratio, the optimal operating conditions were a phenol concentration of 70 mg/L, pretreatment temperature of 8 °C and contact time of 30 min. The results suggest that GRA is suitable for the optimisation of activated biochar developed from agricultural by-products, which can be employed as an efficient and eco-friendly sorbent material to remove phenol, fulfilling sustainable wastewater management.