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<p>Hydrogen, being a form of energy, has become a crucial facilitator of low-carbon transitions in the entire fossil fuel sector, which is what is now widely called the Hydrogen Renaissance. This is a critical review of key hydrogen production pathways, such as: steam methane reforming (SMR), water electrolysis, biomass conversion into gas, and microbial electrolysis, based on comparing the range of efficiency (60–85%), gravity energy density (120–142&#xa0;MJ kg<sup>− 1</sup>), lifecycle emissions, and suggested cost trends (LCOH: 1.5–6.5 USD kg<sup>− 1</sup>). Green hydrogen through electrolysis has the lowest emissions (&lt; 1&#xa0;kg CO<sub>2</sub>-eq kg<sup>− 1</sup> H<sub>2</sub>) and is therefore common but SMR is the most widespread because of the economic benefits but contains more carbon without CCS. Along with production technologies, this study also emphasise the importance of integrating hydrogen energy in various sectors which drives towards decarbonization. The article proposes an AI-oriented predictive model based on Gradient Boosting Regression, which will maximize the efficiency of hydrogen production, costs, and emissions in varying situations of energy sources. EU, USA, Japan, South Korea and India policies on hydrogen around the world are analysed to draw the enablers and gaps in regulations. In sum, it is possible to note that this review offers a policy-relevant, quantitative and systems-level viewpoint regarding hydrogen adoption.</p>

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The hydrogen economy: a review of production, utilization, and impact on the fossil fuel industry

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年1月15日

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  • Oroos Arshi,
  • Surajit Mondal,
  • Yogesh Chandra Gupta,
  • Vamsi Krishna Kudapa

摘要

Hydrogen, being a form of energy, has become a crucial facilitator of low-carbon transitions in the entire fossil fuel sector, which is what is now widely called the Hydrogen Renaissance. This is a critical review of key hydrogen production pathways, such as: steam methane reforming (SMR), water electrolysis, biomass conversion into gas, and microbial electrolysis, based on comparing the range of efficiency (60–85%), gravity energy density (120–142 MJ kg− 1), lifecycle emissions, and suggested cost trends (LCOH: 1.5–6.5 USD kg− 1). Green hydrogen through electrolysis has the lowest emissions (< 1 kg CO2-eq kg− 1 H2) and is therefore common but SMR is the most widespread because of the economic benefits but contains more carbon without CCS. Along with production technologies, this study also emphasise the importance of integrating hydrogen energy in various sectors which drives towards decarbonization. The article proposes an AI-oriented predictive model based on Gradient Boosting Regression, which will maximize the efficiency of hydrogen production, costs, and emissions in varying situations of energy sources. EU, USA, Japan, South Korea and India policies on hydrogen around the world are analysed to draw the enablers and gaps in regulations. In sum, it is possible to note that this review offers a policy-relevant, quantitative and systems-level viewpoint regarding hydrogen adoption.