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<p>This study presents the green synthesis of TiO₂ nanoparticles utilizing orange peel extract (referred to as O-TiO₂) an abundant agricultural waste as a natural reducing and stabilizing agent. The synthesized nanoparticles were comprehensively characterized using X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Ultraviolet–Visible Diffuse Reflectance Spectroscopy (UV-Vis DRS), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FE-SEM), and Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS). XRD analysis confirmed the anatase phase with a tetragonal crystal structure and an average crystallite size of 30&#xa0;nm. UV-Vis DRS analysis revealed an optical band gap of 3.16&#xa0;eV. FTIR spectra confirmed the presence of various organic functional groups derived from the orange peel extract, indicating the involvement of bioactive compounds in nanoparticle formation. FE-SEM analysis revealed a relatively uniform surface morphology, while EDS confirmed the elemental composition, showing strong peaks corresponding to titanium (Ti) and oxygen (O). The photocatalytic performance of O-TiO₂ was evaluated against various textile dyes, including Eosin Y (EY), Methylene Blue (MB), Rhodamine B (RhB), and Rose Bengal (RB). The nanoparticles exhibited the highest degradation efficiency of 98.68% for Rose Bengal within 60&#xa0;min of light exposure. The degradation efficiencies for MB, RhB, and EY were 39.18%, 28.18%, and 44.13%, respectively. Furthermore, the reaction kinetics followed a pseudo-first-order kinetic model. This work highlights a sustainable and cost-effective approach for the synthesis of high-performance photocatalysts, demonstrating the potential of green methods as viable alternatives to conventional chemical and physical synthesis techniques.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Eco-friendly synthesis of TiO2 nanoparticles using citrus peel extract for enhanced photocatalytic degradation of textile dyes

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年8月11日

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  • Avadhut V. Kardile,
  • Prateek V. Sawant,
  • Mahadev A. Parekar,
  • Ajay N. Kawade,
  • Ramakant P. Joshi,
  • Haribhau M. Borate,
  • Ravindra U. Mene

摘要

This study presents the green synthesis of TiO₂ nanoparticles utilizing orange peel extract (referred to as O-TiO₂) an abundant agricultural waste as a natural reducing and stabilizing agent. The synthesized nanoparticles were comprehensively characterized using X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Ultraviolet–Visible Diffuse Reflectance Spectroscopy (UV-Vis DRS), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FE-SEM), and Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS). XRD analysis confirmed the anatase phase with a tetragonal crystal structure and an average crystallite size of 30 nm. UV-Vis DRS analysis revealed an optical band gap of 3.16 eV. FTIR spectra confirmed the presence of various organic functional groups derived from the orange peel extract, indicating the involvement of bioactive compounds in nanoparticle formation. FE-SEM analysis revealed a relatively uniform surface morphology, while EDS confirmed the elemental composition, showing strong peaks corresponding to titanium (Ti) and oxygen (O). The photocatalytic performance of O-TiO₂ was evaluated against various textile dyes, including Eosin Y (EY), Methylene Blue (MB), Rhodamine B (RhB), and Rose Bengal (RB). The nanoparticles exhibited the highest degradation efficiency of 98.68% for Rose Bengal within 60 min of light exposure. The degradation efficiencies for MB, RhB, and EY were 39.18%, 28.18%, and 44.13%, respectively. Furthermore, the reaction kinetics followed a pseudo-first-order kinetic model. This work highlights a sustainable and cost-effective approach for the synthesis of high-performance photocatalysts, demonstrating the potential of green methods as viable alternatives to conventional chemical and physical synthesis techniques.

Graphical Abstract