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<p>Tungsten oxide (WO₃) nanoparticles were synthesized via a hydrothermal route using varying precursor concentrations (0.05&#xa0;M to 0.20&#xa0;M) to investigate their structural, morphological, and gas-sensing properties. X-ray diffraction analysis revealed that increasing the precursor concentration led to enhanced peak intensities, indicating larger particle sizes. These observations were substantiated by scanning electron microscopy and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) surface area measurements, confirming the inverse relationship between particle size and specific surface area. Among the produced samples, the nanoparticles made from a 0.05&#xa0;M precursor concentration showed the best specific surface area and surface morphology critical values for efficient gas sensing. All samples’ NO₂ sensing ability was assessed at several running temperatures; the sample synthesised with 0.05&#xa0;M concentration showed remarkable sensitivity especially at 100&#xa0;°C. This running temperature is much below that recorded in earlier research. Along with a reaction time of 12&#xa0;s and a recovery time of 573&#xa0;s, the sensor showed a notable response of about 549% to 5 ppm NO₂. These results highlight how low-concentration precursor production might improve WO₃ nanoparticle gas-sensing efficiency. Future research might concentrate on hybridizing WO₃ with either reduced graphene oxide or noble metals to improve sensing performance even more.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Optimized hydrothermal synthesis of tungsten oxide nanoparticles: unravelling the role of precursor concentration in NO₂ gas sensing

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年7月19日

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  • A. A. Mohite,
  • A. A. Powar,
  • K. V. Madhale,
  • B. N. Jamadar,
  • B. B. Vhankhande,
  • H. D. Shelke,
  • S. R. Bhosale,
  • P. K. Pagare,
  • A. P. Torane

摘要

Tungsten oxide (WO₃) nanoparticles were synthesized via a hydrothermal route using varying precursor concentrations (0.05 M to 0.20 M) to investigate their structural, morphological, and gas-sensing properties. X-ray diffraction analysis revealed that increasing the precursor concentration led to enhanced peak intensities, indicating larger particle sizes. These observations were substantiated by scanning electron microscopy and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) surface area measurements, confirming the inverse relationship between particle size and specific surface area. Among the produced samples, the nanoparticles made from a 0.05 M precursor concentration showed the best specific surface area and surface morphology critical values for efficient gas sensing. All samples’ NO₂ sensing ability was assessed at several running temperatures; the sample synthesised with 0.05 M concentration showed remarkable sensitivity especially at 100 °C. This running temperature is much below that recorded in earlier research. Along with a reaction time of 12 s and a recovery time of 573 s, the sensor showed a notable response of about 549% to 5 ppm NO₂. These results highlight how low-concentration precursor production might improve WO₃ nanoparticle gas-sensing efficiency. Future research might concentrate on hybridizing WO₃ with either reduced graphene oxide or noble metals to improve sensing performance even more.

Graphical Abstract