A study of the Pilak Shyam Sundar Ashram’s 9th-10th-Century heritage structure: aspects of spectroscopy crystal growth and their application in atomic and molecular terms

This study focuses on the analysis and characterization of lime mortar samples from the 9th-10th century Pilak Shyam Sundar Ashram, located in northeastern India. Using advanced techniques such as Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), we identified critical material properties and crystal structures within the mortar. SEM analysis revealed a heterogeneous microstructure with well-distributed calcite crystals, averaging 32.32 nm in size, contributing to the durability and self-healing properties of the mortar. XRD analysis confirmed the presence of calcite (CaCO₃) as the primary crystalline phase, alongside minor quartz (SiO₂) inclusions, which enhance mechanical strength. Lattice parameters for calcite were consistent with standard values (a = 4.989 Å, c = 17.062 Å), indicating well-ordered crystal structures with minimal lattice strain. FTIR analysis detected O-H and Si-O bonds, corresponding to hydroxyl groups and silicates, further supporting the findings from SEM and XRD. These quantitative insights provide a comprehensive understanding of the material composition and long-term performance of the ashram’s lime mortar, offering valuable information for future conservation efforts.