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<p>This study combined demographic, behavioral, and genetic approaches to assess the physiological plasticity in different strains of <i>Brachionus plicatilis</i> rotifer under distinct temperature regimes: control temperature (25&#xa0;°C) or low-temperature (15&#xa0;°C) after 0 (without acclimation), 1, 6, or 12&#xa0;months of cold acclimation. Our findings show that cold acclimation dynamically restructures life history characteristics in the tested rotifers over ecological timescales in a strain-specific manner. Compared with the individuals at 25&#xa0;°C, short-term exposure to 15&#xa0;°C induced a transient compensatory shift toward slower life schedules but maintaining active performances, including larger size, enhanced swimming speed, and strain-specific sexual reproduction occurrence. With prolonged cold acclimation, the trajectory became nonlinear rather than simply a fast-to-slow shift. Population density and several demographic and behavioral traits peaked after 1-month 15&#xa0;°C acclimation, declined at 6-months, and partially recovered after 12-months. These phenotypic changes were accompanied by coordinated but reversible changes in gene expression profiles, including thermosensory receptors (e.g., G protein-coupled receptor genes) and major carbohydrate and lipid metabolic pathways. These findings help explain how rotifer populations traverse the fast-slow continuum during short-term and long-term cold acclimation. Strain-specific trajectories in reproduction suggest that maintaining diverse thermal response strategies may enhance species-level persistence under the background of climate change.</p>

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Cold-induced shifts along the fast–slow continuum in Brachionus rotifers: adaptive integration of life history, reproduction, and behavior

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月22日

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  • Chengyan Han,
  • Hang Yu,
  • Yukina So,
  • Zhan Ling,
  • Takafumi Okaue,
  • Shuang Han,
  • Atsushi Hagiwara,
  • Yoshitaka Sakakura

摘要

This study combined demographic, behavioral, and genetic approaches to assess the physiological plasticity in different strains of Brachionus plicatilis rotifer under distinct temperature regimes: control temperature (25 °C) or low-temperature (15 °C) after 0 (without acclimation), 1, 6, or 12 months of cold acclimation. Our findings show that cold acclimation dynamically restructures life history characteristics in the tested rotifers over ecological timescales in a strain-specific manner. Compared with the individuals at 25 °C, short-term exposure to 15 °C induced a transient compensatory shift toward slower life schedules but maintaining active performances, including larger size, enhanced swimming speed, and strain-specific sexual reproduction occurrence. With prolonged cold acclimation, the trajectory became nonlinear rather than simply a fast-to-slow shift. Population density and several demographic and behavioral traits peaked after 1-month 15 °C acclimation, declined at 6-months, and partially recovered after 12-months. These phenotypic changes were accompanied by coordinated but reversible changes in gene expression profiles, including thermosensory receptors (e.g., G protein-coupled receptor genes) and major carbohydrate and lipid metabolic pathways. These findings help explain how rotifer populations traverse the fast-slow continuum during short-term and long-term cold acclimation. Strain-specific trajectories in reproduction suggest that maintaining diverse thermal response strategies may enhance species-level persistence under the background of climate change.