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<p>Mobilid ciliates are obligate symbionts of various aquatic animals, typically inhabiting the gills or body surface with a few species invading internal organs. Their host and habitat diversity make them a compelling model for studying macroevolutionary patterns. This study aimed to: (1) reconstruct ancestral hosts and habitats of mobilids; (2) investigate mobilid‒host coevolution across geological time and space; and (3) assess the impact of host taxonomy and habitat type on mobilid diversification dynamics. Ancestral area estimations indicate the northern parts of Pangea as the source region of mobilids, while stochastic mapping suggests that mobilids originated in freshwater, initially associating with invertebrates before expanding to vertebrates, especially fishes and amphibians. Mobilids show high evolutionary flexibility, with multiple transfers from vertebrate to invertebrate hosts and at least one reversal. Lineages associated with fishes show the highest net diversification rates, whereas those linked to anurans exhibit the lowest. Mobilids from molluscan and non-molluscan invertebrate hosts display intermediate net diversification rates. The rich biodiversity and dispersal capacity of freshwater fishes likely fuel trichodinid diversification, while the semi-aquatic lifestyle of anurans likely constrains trichodinid diversification. We also describe a new anuran-dwelling species, <i>Trichodina pelophylacis</i> sp. nov., found in the urinary bladder of <i>Pelophylax esculentus</i>.</p>

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Evolution of mobilid ciliates in space and time, with description of the anuran-associated Trichodina pelophylacis sp. nov. (Ciliophora: Mobilida)

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月21日

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  • Peter Vďačný,
  • Ivan Rurik,
  • Tomáš Obert

摘要

Mobilid ciliates are obligate symbionts of various aquatic animals, typically inhabiting the gills or body surface with a few species invading internal organs. Their host and habitat diversity make them a compelling model for studying macroevolutionary patterns. This study aimed to: (1) reconstruct ancestral hosts and habitats of mobilids; (2) investigate mobilid‒host coevolution across geological time and space; and (3) assess the impact of host taxonomy and habitat type on mobilid diversification dynamics. Ancestral area estimations indicate the northern parts of Pangea as the source region of mobilids, while stochastic mapping suggests that mobilids originated in freshwater, initially associating with invertebrates before expanding to vertebrates, especially fishes and amphibians. Mobilids show high evolutionary flexibility, with multiple transfers from vertebrate to invertebrate hosts and at least one reversal. Lineages associated with fishes show the highest net diversification rates, whereas those linked to anurans exhibit the lowest. Mobilids from molluscan and non-molluscan invertebrate hosts display intermediate net diversification rates. The rich biodiversity and dispersal capacity of freshwater fishes likely fuel trichodinid diversification, while the semi-aquatic lifestyle of anurans likely constrains trichodinid diversification. We also describe a new anuran-dwelling species, Trichodina pelophylacis sp. nov., found in the urinary bladder of Pelophylax esculentus.