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<p>This study examined the concordance of macroinvertebrate community structures in Bhutanese ecoregions (ER) using data from the Development of an Assessment System to Evaluate the Ecological Status of Rivers in the Hindu Kush Himalayan Region (ASSESS-HKH) project to establish baseline information for monitoring and management of freshwater ecosystems. We analysed 46 pre-monsoon and post-monsoon reference datasets from 24 streams flowing through ER Eastern Himalayan Broadleaf Forests (EHBF) and ER Himalayan Subtropical Pine Forests (HSPF), corresponding to temperate and subtropical agroecological zones, respectively. NMDS and PERMANOVA analyses revealed distinct macroinvertebrate community structures between these ecoregions and seasons within and between the ecoregions. Of the 185 recorded taxa, 120 (64.86%) were exclusive to specific ecoregions, whilst 65 (35.14%) were shared. Although ER EHBF exhibited a higher overall abundance and a greater relative abundance of Diptera and gathering collectors, ER HSPF showed a higher relative abundance of Trichoptera and filtering collectors. Redundancy analyses revealed that community distinctions were strongly associated with altitude and physicochemical factors such as temperature. Our findings confirm that the ecoregional approach effectively distinguishes macroinvertebrate assemblages in Bhutanese streams and support that future macroinvertebrate-based freshwater monitoring should be ecoregion specific, and more unambiguously agroecological zone specific and season specific. Furthermore, typological approaches across different hierarchical and spatial scales should be tested and implemented to enhance freshwater ecosystem monitoring and management.</p>

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Benthic macroinvertebrate assemblages foster the ecoregional approach in near-natural streams of the Bhutan Himalaya

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年9月2日

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  • Gopal Prasad Khanal,
  • Anne Hartmann,
  • Patrick Leitner,
  • Gerold Winkler,
  • Wolfram Graf

摘要

This study examined the concordance of macroinvertebrate community structures in Bhutanese ecoregions (ER) using data from the Development of an Assessment System to Evaluate the Ecological Status of Rivers in the Hindu Kush Himalayan Region (ASSESS-HKH) project to establish baseline information for monitoring and management of freshwater ecosystems. We analysed 46 pre-monsoon and post-monsoon reference datasets from 24 streams flowing through ER Eastern Himalayan Broadleaf Forests (EHBF) and ER Himalayan Subtropical Pine Forests (HSPF), corresponding to temperate and subtropical agroecological zones, respectively. NMDS and PERMANOVA analyses revealed distinct macroinvertebrate community structures between these ecoregions and seasons within and between the ecoregions. Of the 185 recorded taxa, 120 (64.86%) were exclusive to specific ecoregions, whilst 65 (35.14%) were shared. Although ER EHBF exhibited a higher overall abundance and a greater relative abundance of Diptera and gathering collectors, ER HSPF showed a higher relative abundance of Trichoptera and filtering collectors. Redundancy analyses revealed that community distinctions were strongly associated with altitude and physicochemical factors such as temperature. Our findings confirm that the ecoregional approach effectively distinguishes macroinvertebrate assemblages in Bhutanese streams and support that future macroinvertebrate-based freshwater monitoring should be ecoregion specific, and more unambiguously agroecological zone specific and season specific. Furthermore, typological approaches across different hierarchical and spatial scales should be tested and implemented to enhance freshwater ecosystem monitoring and management.