<p><i>Planktothrix rubescens</i> is a filamentous, freshwater cyanobacterium that has gained outstanding attention due to its ecological significance, toxin production capabilities and potential risks it may pose to human and environmental health. The information related to the species is fragmented in hundreds of scientific articles; thus, our main goal was to connect this knowledge, with the hope that one may uncover information that can be applied widely in the subject. This comprehensive review delves into the taxonomic classification, biogeography, environmental drivers, interaction with other species, toxin production and management strategies related to <i>P. rubescens.</i> The review highlights the outstanding community-forming role of the species in different environments, as well as its very complex biotic relationships, from viruses to organisms at higher trophic levels<i>.</i></p>