Abstract <p>We conducted this study in three agro-ecological zones in northwestern Bhutan to evaluate the financial impact of human-wildlife conflict on farmers’ livelihoods. A field survey included 319 households selected through stratified random sampling and probability proportional to size sampling. About 98% of households experienced crop damage, and 52% faced livestock losses. In the dry subtropical zone, the average annual crop loss was approximately 4% (USD 88 per household), and livestock loss accounted for 3.8% (USD 91) of their yearly income. In the cool temperate zone, the average crop loss was 16% (USD 293), and livestock loss was 47% (USD 138) of annual income. The alpine zone experienced minimal crop loss, but 6% of households reported bear intrusion, leading to the loss of stored food. Livestock loss in the alpine zone made up 14% (USD 516) of annual income. Overall, the average loss across all three zones was about 27% (USD 703) of annual income, with the highest loss in the cool temperate zone at 36.39%, followed by the dry subtropical zone at 30.8%, and the alpine zone at 13.99%. Farmers mainly use physical barriers, night guarding, and deterrents to reduce losses. The study highlights the need for targeted strategies tailored to each environment’s unique challenges. Further research across all agro-ecological zones in Bhutan can improve understanding of human-wildlife interaction dynamics.</p> Clinical Trial Number <p>Not Applicable.</p>