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<p>Pre-harvest sprouting (PHS) is increasingly prevalent in rice production worldwide resulting from frequent extreme weather events, which severely reduces grain yield and quality. This review summarizes the external triggers, structural and physiological basis, associated quantitative trait loci (QTLs) and genes, and molecular regulatory mechanisms, and provides an outlook for future research of rice PHS. High temperature and high humidity are the core environmental factors inducing rice PHS. The structural and physiological prerequisites for its occurrence include the structure of the panicle and seed coat, grain maturity, and moisture content. Sugar and reactive oxygen species (ROS) are key signaling molecules, interacting with hormones to trigger germination. More than 200 QTLs associated with rice PHS have been mapped and some critical QTL/genes, such as <i>Sdr1</i>, <i>OsMFT2</i>, <i>GF14h</i>, and <i>OsNCED3</i>, have been cloned, which centered on the synthesis, metabolism, and signal transduction of abscisic acid–gibberellin antagonism, with transcriptional, and epigenetic level as well. This network integrates endogenous signals such as sugar, ROS, and calcium, and exogenous signals such as temperature, to establish a synergistic “hormone–transcription factor–epigenetic effector” regulatory system. In the future, it is necessary to establish a precise and standardized phenotypic screening system, identify new crucial QTLs/genes and molecular modules conferring resistance to PHS in rice, and apply modern biotechnologies, such as gene editing, for genetic improvement of PHS resistance in rice variety.</p>

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Research progress and prospect on the mechanism of pre-harvest sprouting in rice (Oryza sativa L.)

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月31日

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  • Yi Huang,
  • Xia Li,
  • Yuxin Li,
  • Jie Zhao,
  • Jie Yang

摘要

Pre-harvest sprouting (PHS) is increasingly prevalent in rice production worldwide resulting from frequent extreme weather events, which severely reduces grain yield and quality. This review summarizes the external triggers, structural and physiological basis, associated quantitative trait loci (QTLs) and genes, and molecular regulatory mechanisms, and provides an outlook for future research of rice PHS. High temperature and high humidity are the core environmental factors inducing rice PHS. The structural and physiological prerequisites for its occurrence include the structure of the panicle and seed coat, grain maturity, and moisture content. Sugar and reactive oxygen species (ROS) are key signaling molecules, interacting with hormones to trigger germination. More than 200 QTLs associated with rice PHS have been mapped and some critical QTL/genes, such as Sdr1, OsMFT2, GF14h, and OsNCED3, have been cloned, which centered on the synthesis, metabolism, and signal transduction of abscisic acid–gibberellin antagonism, with transcriptional, and epigenetic level as well. This network integrates endogenous signals such as sugar, ROS, and calcium, and exogenous signals such as temperature, to establish a synergistic “hormone–transcription factor–epigenetic effector” regulatory system. In the future, it is necessary to establish a precise and standardized phenotypic screening system, identify new crucial QTLs/genes and molecular modules conferring resistance to PHS in rice, and apply modern biotechnologies, such as gene editing, for genetic improvement of PHS resistance in rice variety.