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<p>Maize (<i>Zea mays</i> L.) landraces represent a valuable reservoir of genetic diversity crucial for crop improvement and adaptation to changing environmental conditions. In this study, we assessed the genetic diversity and population structure of 60 maize landraces collected from 20 regions of Kosovo using inter-retrotransposon amplified polymorphism (IRAP) markers targeting five&#xa0;long terminal repeat (LTR) retrotransposon families (Grande, Huck, Tekay, Ji, and Opie). A total of 110 polymorphic bands were generated, revealing a high level of genetic variation across all marker systems. The proportion of polymorphic loci ranged widely among primers, with Huck, Ji, and Opie showing complete polymorphism, indicating extensive retrotransposon activity and genomic variability. Jaccard-based similarity analysis, Neighbor-Joining clustering, and Principal Coordinates Analysis (PCoA) consistently revealed weak geographic structuring and substantial within-population variation. Analysis of Molecular Variance (AMOVA) confirmed that 54% of the total genetic variation was distributed within populations, while 46% occurred among populations. A Mantel test showed a weak but significant positive correlation between genetic and geographic distances, suggesting a limited isolation-by-distance pattern influenced by gene flow through farmer-mediated seed exchange. Overall, the results demonstrate that Kosovo maize landraces harbour a rich and highly dynamic genetic resource shaped by both natural and anthropogenic factors. These findings highlight their importance for in situ and ex situ conservation and their potential use in breeding programs aimed at improving stress resilience and maintaining agricultural sustainability under future climate challenges.</p>

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Evaluation of genetic diversity among Kosovo maize landraces by retrotransposon-based IRAP marker

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年8月3日

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  • Mimoza Jakupi,
  • Sibel Yılmaz,
  • Sali Aliu,
  • Sefer Demirbaş

摘要

Maize (Zea mays L.) landraces represent a valuable reservoir of genetic diversity crucial for crop improvement and adaptation to changing environmental conditions. In this study, we assessed the genetic diversity and population structure of 60 maize landraces collected from 20 regions of Kosovo using inter-retrotransposon amplified polymorphism (IRAP) markers targeting five long terminal repeat (LTR) retrotransposon families (Grande, Huck, Tekay, Ji, and Opie). A total of 110 polymorphic bands were generated, revealing a high level of genetic variation across all marker systems. The proportion of polymorphic loci ranged widely among primers, with Huck, Ji, and Opie showing complete polymorphism, indicating extensive retrotransposon activity and genomic variability. Jaccard-based similarity analysis, Neighbor-Joining clustering, and Principal Coordinates Analysis (PCoA) consistently revealed weak geographic structuring and substantial within-population variation. Analysis of Molecular Variance (AMOVA) confirmed that 54% of the total genetic variation was distributed within populations, while 46% occurred among populations. A Mantel test showed a weak but significant positive correlation between genetic and geographic distances, suggesting a limited isolation-by-distance pattern influenced by gene flow through farmer-mediated seed exchange. Overall, the results demonstrate that Kosovo maize landraces harbour a rich and highly dynamic genetic resource shaped by both natural and anthropogenic factors. These findings highlight their importance for in situ and ex situ conservation and their potential use in breeding programs aimed at improving stress resilience and maintaining agricultural sustainability under future climate challenges.